Introduction
The Qazaq (Kazakh) language differs from the Indo-European languages by its structure, namely, in the part of word creation scheme - the Qazaq language is the agglutinative language, while the Indo-European languages are mostly inflectional languages. Genetically, the Qazaq language is attributed to the Turkic languages, while, for example, the English language belongs to German branch of the Indo-European languages family. In Qazaq, as in the other Turcik languages, the new words and its various forms are formed, mainly, by means of adding (agglutinating) various word-formative affixes to the word's stem (roote). Thus, you can represent the whole sentence (conjugated, declined, put in various tenses, moods, aspects, etc.) only in one word. It is very convenient way! For example, the verb "жазу" - to write (infinitive) may have the follwoing forms:
жаз - the stem/root of the verb "to write", to which all other formatives are added ; the Imperative form for "write" (write this)
жазу - the writing - verbal noun; noun of action
жазушы - the writer
жазушылар - the writers
жазушыларым - my writers
жазушыларымыз - our writers
жазушыларымызда - at/in/with our writers (Locative Case)
жазушыларымыздағы - that, which is at/in/with our writers (adjective - "which one?")
жазушыларымыздағылар - those, which are at/in/with our writers
жазушыларымыздағылардан - from those, which are at/in/with our writers (Elative Case)
тіл - the language, tongue
тілші - the correspondent (the reporter)
тілшілер - the correspondents
тілшілерім - my correspondents
тілшілеріміз - our correspondents
тілшілерімізден - from our correspondents (Elative Case)
тілшілеріміздегі - that, which is at/in/with our correspondents (Adjective - "which one?")
тілшілеріміздегілер - those, which are at/in/with our correspondents
тілшілеріміздегілерден - from those, which are at/in/with our correspondents (Elative Case)
тілдей - as/like the language (Adverb - how, in what way, in which manner)
тілшідей - as/like the correspondent
тілшімдей - as/like my correspondent
тілшіміздей - as/like our correspondent
тілшілердей - as/like the correspondents
тілшілерімдей - as/like my correspondents
тілшілеріміздей - as/like our correspondents
тілшілеріміздегідей - as/like that, which are at/in/with our correspondents
тілшілеріміздегілердей - as/like those, which are at/in/with our correspondents
etc.
The root remains without any change; the affixes are in harmony with the root, i.e. if the root (basically, the latter syllable of the root) has the front vowel (а, о, ұ, ы, and у), then all other following affixes connected to the root shall have the front vowel, and vice verca, - if the root has the back vowel (ә, е, и, і, ө, ү, and у), then the following affixes shall have the back vowel.
What is really interesting and peculiar with the way of creating various verbal forms is the agglutination (addition) of different kind of affixes, which may be multiple and versitile in their nature. I must point out, that, generally, the verb in Qazaq language, as in in other Turkic languages, is the immensely and highly developped part of speech.
In Qazaq language you can derive various kinds of words from one root (e.g. бар - go, бару- to go) by adding different affixes, for example:
бар - the stem of infinitive verb - "бару"; the Imperative mood - go!
бару - infinitive verb - to go
бара - gerund, adverbial participle - going (while / keeping going)
бармау - negative infinitive verb - to do not go
барма - the stem of negative infinitive verb; Imperative - do not go!
барғалы - the verbal form, of which the meaning is equal to that of "to be going to go", and to the Perfect - e.g. "since comming", "since I've come" (I'll say later about the choices)
барғызу - Causative infinitive from the infinitive verb бару - to compel / make/ cause somebody/something to go.
барғыз - Causative Imperative - compel/cause/make somebody/something to go!
For example: "Арманды дүкенге барғыздым" - "I have made Arman to go to the shop" as similar to "I said to Arman to go to the shop"
барғыздырту - Transferred/Overextrapolated Causative Infinitive - to compel/cause/make somebody/something to compel/cause/make third party to go.
For example: "Арманға Бауыржанды барғыздырттым" - "I have caused Arman to cause Bauyirzhan to go to the shop" as similar to "I said to Arman let he made Bauyirzhan to go to the shop" (Eng. Subjunctive) "make Bauyirzhan to go to the shop (I said to Arman)". Me - action - Arman - action - Bauyirzhan. The 3rd party (Bauyirzhan) implements the action you want through the agency of the 2nd (Arman) party... OMG...
Such verbal forms can be represented in other languages by voices, aspects and moods, apart or at the same time. (maybe I'll develop that further).
бармақ - to want, wish, intent to go
барса - if he/she goes / will go
баршы - from "please, go" to even "go, dont bother me" as similar to polite "f*uk off" because it is in Imperative Mood (see above my explanations about "қараңыз", "тыңдаңыз"), so which form is used depends on the context and intonation. While барыңызшы - is definitely polite of "please, go" because of polite ending of 2nd person - "ңыз".
барсайшы - the emphasized asking / insisting the 2nd person to go (the direct form) (see, "қараңыз", "тыңдаңыз")
барсаңшы - almost the same as барсайшы the direct form of 2nd person - please, go!
барсаңызшы - 2nd person's polite form - please, go!
Note: there is no 2nd person's polite form for "барсайшы" (барсайызшы), only for (барсаңшы - барсаңызшы).
барар - probably, would go in the future (Subj)
барыңқырау - to go in driblets / slightly / little by little / gradually. without "у" - the Imperative - go slightly!
барғандарымызға - to those of us, who went, etc.
etc.
The root remains unchanged, the affixes harmonize with the root (e.g. - кел, келсе, келіңкіре, etc.). Unfortunately, such tables are created only in the present days, and the information given in the Qazaq textbooks is unsatisfactory, since the developpers of such textbooks, manuals, usually, copy (to be frankly translate into Qazaq language) textbooks written in Russian and the least is the importance they pay to inner laws of the Qazaq language's development.
From the one part, there are lot of kinds of suffixes (of the pronous, verbs), from the other part, - the adjectives, mostly, do not change. There is no concordance between adjective and noun.
Qazaq adjective is unchangeable word class; change in numbers, by cases and possessiveness substantivizes the word, i.e. when the word becomes noun.
Non-changeability of the Qazaq adjective and its chageability by gender, number and cases, for example, in Russian (or Spanish) language can be demonstrated by the following table:
Russian
Singular | ||
Masculine | Neutral | Feminine |
И. белый камень | белое облако | белая бумага |
Р. белого камня | белого облака | белой бумаги |
Д. белому камню | белому облаку | белой бумаге |
В. белый камень | белое облако | белую бумагу |
Т. белым камнем | белым облаком | белой бумагой |
П. о белом камне | о белом облаке | о белой бумаге |
Plural | ||
Masculine | Neutral | Feminine |
И. белые камни | белые облака | белые бумаги |
Р. белых камней | белыз облаков | белых бумаг |
Д. белым камням | белым облакам | белым бумагам |
В. белые камени | белые облака | белые бумаги |
Т. белыми камнями | белыми облаками | белыми бумагами |
П. о белых камнях | о белых облаках | о белых бумагах |
Qazaq:
Cases | Singular | Plural |
Атау септік-Nominatve | ақ тас-белый камень | ақ тастар |
ақ бұлт-белое облако | ақ бұлттар | |
ақ қағаз-белая бумага | ақ қағаздар | |
Ілік септік-Genitive | ақ тастың | ақ тастардың |
ақ бұлттың | ақ бұлттардың | |
ақ қағаздың | ақ қағаздардың | |
Барыс септік-Dative | ақ тасқа | ақ тастарға |
ақ бұлтқа | ақ бұлттарға | |
ақ қағазға | ақ қағаздарға | |
Табыс септік-Accusative | ақ тасты | ақ тастарды |
ақ бұлтты | ақ бұлттарды | |
ақ қағазды | ақ қағаздарды | |
Жатыс септік-Locative | ақ таста | ақ тастарда |
ақ бұлтта | ақ бұлттарда | |
ақ қағазда | ақ қағаздарда | |
Шығыс септік- Elative | ақ тастан | ақ тастардан |
ақ бұлттан | ақ бұлттардан | |
ақ қағаздан | ақ қағаздардан | |
Көмектес септік-Instrumental | ақ таспен | ақ тастармен |
ақ бұлтпен | ақ бұлттармен | |
ақ қағазбен | ақ қағаздармен |
P.S. Sorry, the table formatting here is arranged a bit weird for me. I could not use properly such attributes as table width, table border, cellspacing, cellpadding, bordercolorlight, bordercolordark, bgcolor, etc. This BBL coding is tough, unlike bare html.