Postby millenia » 2007-11-03, 18:53
For starters just picking L as one phoneme at a time. The following are situations where the L is the trailing consonant. In FU the root words are of the form CVCV or VCV which later may get truncated a bit. Most languages show many of the older forms still. I can post the sources in one of two ways.
The sound rules that illustrate the sound rules without a detailed definition or attested form or one that just has the sound rule results and then emphasizing the various attested forms and defi
nitions. So here are the typical sound rule forms.
Proto *ala== under
EmeGir/Sumer _lá << [ _,l,a,]<< #a/_/_QV#, l/l/#V_, a/a,
Magyar/Hungar ala, al_ << [ a,l,a~e,]<< #a/a, - ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi iala,jol_ << [ a~ä,l~Λ~t,,]<< #a/a~ä, l/l~Λ~t/#V_, a#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm uly-n << [ u,l,e,]<< #a/u/_Q, l/l/#V_, a#/e,
Mordvin alo- << [ a,l,a~o,]<< #a/a, l/l/#V_, a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi ala- << [ a~e,l,a~o,]<< #a/a~e, l/l/#V_, a#/a~o,
Estonian ala << [ a~e,l,ē,]<< #a/a~e , l/l/#V_, a#/ē,
Lapp/Saami vuolle-n << [ vuo,ll,ē,]<< #a/vuo/_K, l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Proto *alu== false (** ??Altaic origin!!) (a)
EmeGir/Sumer _lu-l << [ _,l,u,]<< #a/_/_QV#, l/l/#V_, u#/u/VK_,
Magyar/Hungar ál << [ a,l,u~o,]<< #a/a, - ,u/u~o,
Proto *aśe-la==(or aśe-dh)to lay, settle for the night
EmeGir/Sumer zal-am << [ a,š,e~i,-,l,a,]<< #a/a, ś/š, e/e~i, - ,- ,a/a,
Magyar/Hungar _szá-l << [ a,ś~sz,e~i,-,l,a~e,]<< #a/a, ś/ś~sz/R_V, e/e~i, - ,- ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi isi << [ o~u,ć~s,i,-,l~Λ~t,a,]<< #a/o~u/_P, ś/ć~s, e/i, - ,l/l~Λ~t, - ,
Mordvin eźe-m << [ e,ś,e,-,l,a~o,]<< #a/e/_ś, ś/ś, - ,- ,- ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi asu- << [ a~e,s~ts,ie~e,-,l,a~o,]<< #a/a~e, ś/s~ts, e/ie~e, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Estonian asu << [ a~e,s~ts,ie~e,-,l,ē,]<< #a/a~e , ś/s~ts, e/ie~e, - ,- ,a#/ē,
Lapp/Saami assâ- << [ a~ä,čč~ss,ie~a,-,l,ē,]<< #a/a~ä/_U, ś/čč~ss, e/ie~a, - ,- ,a#/ē,
Proto *jelä== light
EmeGir/Sumer _íla, _íli, _íl << [ _,e~i,l,(a~e),]<< #j/_/_Y, e/e~i, l/l/F_, ä#/(a~e),
Vogul/Mansi jâľli << [ j~i,i,l~Λ~t,,]<< #j/j~i/_F, e/i, l/l~Λ~t, ä#//VC_,
Proto *kajle== (kaje?) bend
EmeGir/Sumer gil-im <<g>h,a~i,l,(a),]<<k>h/_RC , a/a~i/_j, jl/l, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar haj-ol << [ h~g,a~e,_,l,e~i,]<< #k/h~g/_R, a/a~e, j/_/_C, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi xoi-t << [ χ~h,a,j,l~Λ~t,,]<< #k/χ~h/_R, - ,- ,l/l~Λ~t, e#//CC_,
Votyak/Udm kuj-al << [ k,o~u,j,l,,]<< #k/k, a/o~u/#k_, - ,- ,e#//_,
Mordvin kaj-ams << [ k,a,j,l,o,]<< #k/k, - ,j/j, - ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi kaj-ra << [ k,a,j~i,l,ie~e,]<< #k/k, - ,j/j~i/R_, - ,e/ie~e,
Proto *kale== (kale) sleep
EmeGir/Sumer ku_ <<g>h,a~u,_,(a),]<<k>h/_RC , a/a~u/C_C, l/_/kR_V#, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar hál_ << [ h~g,a~ö,l,e~i,]<< #k/h~g/_R, a/a~ö/_l, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi khúl-i << [ χ~h,o~u,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #k/χ~h/_R, a/o~u/_CV, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm kõl,kül << [ k,o~u,l,,]<< #k/k, a/o~u/#k_, - ,e#//_,
Proto *kele== (kele) speech
EmeGir/Sumer gal-a << [ k,a~u,l,(a),]<< #k/k, e/a~u/#Ŝ_, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar kiál-t << [ k,e~i,l,e~i,]<< #k/k/_F, e/e~i, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi kelä << [ k(w),e,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #k/k(w)/_F, e/e/#k_lV, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm kyl << [ k,e~i,l,,]<< #k/k, e/e~i/C_l(k)(j)V, - ,e#//_,
Finn/Suomi kieli << [ k,ie~e,l,ie~e,]<< #k/k, e/ie~e, - ,e/ie~e,
Estonian keel << [ k,ie~e,ll,ie~e,]<< #k/k, e/ie~e, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~e,
Proto *kille= (?) shout "call ?" (v)
EmeGir/Sumer ak-kil (2) << [ k,i,l,(le),]<< #k/k, i/i/_l, l/l/F_, le#/(le)/CV(C)_,
Magyar/Hungar kiál-t << [ k,i~e,l,e~i,]<< #k/k/_F, i/i~e, ll/l, e/e~i,
Proto *kollε=fissure
EmeGir/Sumer gala 3,4,5 <<g>h,a,l,l,,]<<k>h/_RC , o/a/_lC, - ,- ,ε#//CC_,
Magyar/Hungar hal-ok, hal-k << [ h~g,o~a,l,,]<< #k/h~g/_R, o/o~a/_l(j), ll/l, ε#//CC_,
Finn/Suomi kolo << [ k,a~o,l,ε,]<< #k/k, o/a~o, ll/l, ε#/ε,
Lapp/Saami gollo << [ g,œ,l,l,ε,]<< #k/g, o/œ, - ,- ,ε#/ε,
Proto *kollε== testicle (body)
EmeGir/Sumer gal 4 <<g>h,a,l,l,,]<<k>h/_RC , o/a/_lC, - ,- ,ε#//CC_,
Magyar/Hungar golyó << [ h~g,o~a,l,,]<< #k/h~g/_R, o/o~a/_l(j), ll/l, ε#//CC_,
Votyak/Udm ko'ľ-an, keľ-an << [ k,o~a,l,,]<< #k/k, o/o~a, ll/l, ε#//_,
Finn/Suomi kolli << [ k,a~o,l,ε,]<< #k/k, o/a~o, ll/l, ε#/ε,
Estonian koli << [ k,a~o,l,ε,]<< #k/k, o/a~o, ll/l, ε#/ε,
Lapp/Saami guoľlâ ~kuoľlâ << [ g,œ,l,l,ε,]<<k> fish bladder (body)
EmeGir/Sumer *hella > _ella-g <<g>h,a~u,_,l,a,]<<k>h/_RC , u/a~u, w/_, - ,a/a,
Magyar/Hungar holy-ag << [ h~g,u~o,l,a~e,]<< #k/h~g/_R, u/u~o, wl/l, a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi kawel-m << [ χ~h,u~o~ö,βl,,]<< #k/χ~h/_R, u/u~o~ö, wl/βl, a#//CC_,
Finn/Suomi kupla, kuula, kuulo << [ k,u~o,pl,a~o,]<< #k/k, u/u~o, wl/pl, a#/a~o,
Lapp/Saami goblo/koble << [ g,u~o,bl,ē,]<< #k/g, u/u~o, wl/bl, a#/ē,
Proto *kälä== wade
EmeGir/Sumer gal-am << [ ŋ>g,a~u,l,(a~e),]<<k>g/_ä, ä/a~u/#k_, l/l/F_, ä#/(a~e),
Magyar/Hungar kel- << [ k,e,l,e,]<< #k/k/_F, ä/e, - ,ä/e,
Vogul/Mansi kwääl- << [ k(w),ä~e,l~Λ~t,,]<< #k/k(w)/_F, ä/ä~e, l/l~Λ~t, ä#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm kol-,kel-ni << [ k,o~u,l,,]<< #k/k, ä/o~u, - ,ä#//_,
Mordvin kele-ms << [ k,ä~e,l,e,]<< #k/k, ä/ä~e, - ,ä#/e,
Finn/Suomi kaala-a << [ k,ä,l,ä,]<< #k/k, - ,- ,ä#/ä,
Lapp/Saami galle- << [ g,ie~a,ll,ē,]<< #k/g, ä/ie~a, l/ll/V_V, ä#/ē,
Proto *kāla== fish (animal)
EmeGir/Sumer ku_a ~ ha << [ k,u,_,a,]<< #k/k/_Ē, ā/u, l/_/kR_V#, a/a,
Magyar/Hungar hal_ << [ h~g,ā,l,a~e,]<< #k/h~g/_R, - ,- ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi xūl << [ χ~h,ā,l~Λ~t,,]<< #k/χ~h/_R, - ,l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm kol << [ k,ā,l,e,]<< #k/k, - ,- ,a#/e,
Mordvin kal << [ k,ā,l,a~o,]<< #k/k, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi kala << [ k,a,l,a~o,]<< #k/k, ā/a, - ,a#/a~o,
Estonian kala << [ k,ā,ll,ē,]<< #k/k, - ,l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Lapp/Saami guöllé << [ g,ā,ll,ē,]<< #k/g, - ,l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Proto *kūlε== hear
EmeGir/Sumer a-ka_ << [ k,a,_,i~e,]<< #k/k/_Ē, ū/a, l/_/kR_V#, ε#/i~e/C_,
EmeSal/Sumer mu.uš.tug (pi) << [ m,e,_,e,]<< #k/m, ū/e, l/_/kR_V#, ε#/e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar hal << [ h~g,u,l,ε,]<< #k/h~g/_R, ū/u, - ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi kwol,kol, qont- << [ χ~h,u~o,l~Λ~t,,]<< #k/χ~h/_R, ū/u~o, l/l~Λ~t, ε#//_ ,
Votyak/Udm kyl-ni << [ k,i,l,,]<< #k/k, ū/i, - ,ε#//_,
Mordvin kul-em << [ k,o,l,ε,]<< #k/k, ū/o, - ,ε#/ε,
Finn/Suomi kuule << [ k,uu,l,ε,]<< #k/k, ū/uu, - ,ε#/ε,
Lapp/Saami gullâ << [ g,u~o,ll,ε,]<< #k/g, ū/u~o, l/ll/V_V, ε#/ε,
Proto *lū== people
EmeGir/Sumer lú << [ l,a,]<< #l/l, ū/a,
Magyar/Hungar _ö << [ l,u,]<< #l/l, ū/u,
Finn/Suomi luu << [ l,uu,]<< #l/l, ū/uu,
Proto *mele== deep (a)
EmeGir/Sumer meli << [ m,e~i,l,(a),]<< #m/m, e/e~i, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar mély_ << [ m,e~i,l,e~i,]<< #m/m, e/e~i, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi mil_ << [ m,i,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #m/m, e/i, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Proto *mulε== pass
EmeGir/Sumer mu_ << [ m,a~u,_,i~e,]<< #m/m, u/a~u, l/_/#mu_, ε#/i~e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar mul << [ m,u~o,l,ε,]<< #m/m, u/u~o, - ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi muli << [ m,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,]<< #m/m, u/u~o~ö, l/l~Λ~t, ε#//_ ,
Votyak/Udm mijis << [ m,i~e,l,,]<< #m/m, u/i~e, - ,ε#//_,
Mordvin moľe-ms << [ m,o,l,ε,]<< #m/m, u/o, - ,ε#/ε,
Lapp/Saami moll-ât << [ m,u~o,ll,ε,]<< #m/m, u/u~o, l/ll/V_V, ε#/ε,
Proto *mäle== warm (a)
EmeGir/Sumer mèl_ << [ m,a,l,(a),]<< #m/m, ä/a, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar mel-eg << [ m,e,l,e~i,]<< #m/m, ä/e, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi mäli << [ m,ä~e,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #m/m, ä/ä~e, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Proto *pala== bite of food
EmeGir/Sumer paŕ, pa_-d << [ p~b,a~u,l,a,]<< #p/p~b, a/a~u/C_C, - ,a/a,
Magyar/Hungar fal-at <<b>f,a~ö,l,a~e,]<<p>f, a/a~ö/_l, - ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi pul << [ p,o~u,l~Λ~t,,]<< #p/p, a/o~u/_CV, l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Mordvin pal << [ p,a,l,a~o,]<< #p/p, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi pala << [ p,a,l,a~o,]<< #p/p, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Estonian pala << [ p,a,ll,ē,]<< #p/p, - ,l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Lapp/Saami buola <<b>uo,ll,ē,]<<p>uo, l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Proto *pale== left > bad luck (a)
EmeGir/Sumer bal << [ p~b,a~u,l,(a),]<< #p/p~b, a/a~u/C_C, - ,e#/(a)/l_, (hostilities?)
Magyar/Hungar bal <<b>f,a~ö,l,e~i,]<<p>f, a/a~ö/_l, - ,e/e~i,
Votyak/Udm palj-am, paľľ-an << [ p~b,a,l,,]<< #p/p~b, a/a/#p_Q, - ,e#//_,
Proto *pälä== likeness
EmeGir/Sumer bala << [ p~b,a,l,(a~e),]<< #p/p~b, ä/a, l/l/F_, ä#/(a~e),
Magyar/Hungar fél <<b>f,e,l,e,]<<p>f, ä/e, - ,ä/e,
Vogul/Mansi poål, pål << [ p,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,]<< #p/p, ä/ä~e, l/l~Λ~t, ä#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm pal << [ p~b,o~u,l,,]<< #p/p~b, ä/o~u, - ,ä#//_,
Mordvin p'eľ << [ p,ä~e,l,e,]<< #p/p, ä/ä~e, - ,ä#/e,
Finn/Suomi pieli << [ p,ä,l,ä,]<< #p/p, - ,- ,ä#/ä,
Lapp/Saami boelle << [ b,ie~a,ll,ē,]<< #p/b, ä/ie~a, l/ll/V_V, ä#/ē,
Proto *pälε== the inside
EmeGir/Sumer bar [l~r] << [ p~b,a,l,i~e,]<< #p/p~b, ä/a, l/l/F_, ε#/i~e/C_,
EmeSal/Sumer -ba, -bi << [ p~b,e,l,e,]<< #p/p~b, ä/e, l/l/F_, ε#/e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar -be, be- <<b>f,e,l,ε,]<<p>f, ä/e, - ,- ,
Votyak/Udm pol- , pol-in << [ p~b,o~u,l,,]<< #p/p~b, ä/o~u, - ,ε#//_,
Proto *sula== melt
EmeGir/Sumer zal << [ _,a~u,l,a,]<< #s/_/_VQ, u/a~u, - ,a/a,
Magyar/Hungar _olv-ad << [ _,u~o,l,a~e,]<< #s/_, u/u~o, - ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi tal << [ t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,]<< #s/t, u/u~o~ö, l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm sõl, syl << [ š,i~e,l,e,]<< #s/š, u/i~e, - ,a#/e,
Mordvin sola << [ s,o,l,a~o,]<< #s/s, u/o, - ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi sula,_ula << [ s,u~o,l,a~o,]<< #s/s, u/u~o, - ,a#/a~o,
Estonian sula << [ s,u~o,ll,ē,]<< #s/s, u/u~o, l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Lapp/Saami šoľk-ete << [ s~š,u~o,ll,ē,]<< #s/s~š, u/u~o, l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Proto *süle== embrace
EmeGir/Sumer _ul << [ _,u~i,l,(a),]<< #s/_/_VQ, ü/u~i, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar _öl << [ _,ü~ö,l,e~i,]<< #s/_, ü/ü~ö, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi tal, tεl << [ t,u~o~a,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #s/t, ü/u~o~a, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm sil << [ š,i~e,l,,]<< #s/š, ü/i~e, - ,e#//_,
Mordvin seľ << [ s,e,l,o,]<< #s/s, ü/e/_CV, - ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi syli << [ s,u,l,ie~e,]<< #s/s, ü/u, - ,e/ie~e,
Lapp/Saami sâlâ << [ s~š,o,ll,ie~a,]<< #s/s~š, ü/o, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~a,
Proto *tale== dish (made of wood)
EmeGir/Sumer tal << [ d,a~u,l,(a),]<< #t/d/_R, a/a~u/C_C, - ,e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar tál << [ t,a~ö,l,e~i,]<< #t/t, a/a~ö/_l, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi tul << [ t,o~u,l~Λ~t,i,]<<t> find
EmeGir/Sumer du_ << [ d,a~u,_,(a),]<< #t/d/_R, u/a~u, l/_/#tu_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar -tol << [ t,u~o,l,e~i,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, - ,e/e~i,
Finn/Suomi tule << [ t,u~o,l,ie~e,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, - ,e/ie~e,
Estonian tule-ma << [ t,u~o,ll,ie~e,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~e,
Lapp/Saami tolli- << [ d~t,u~o,ll,ie~a,]<<t> ignite > ??noon (nature)
EmeGir/Sumer dalla << [ d,a~u,_,l,,]<< #t/d/_R, u/a~u, l/_/#tu_, - ,ε#//CC_,
Magyar/Hungar dél << [ t,u~o,l,,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, ll/l, ε#//CC_,
Mordvin tol << [ t,o,ľ,ε,]<< #t/t/_R, u/o, ll/ľ, ε#/ε,
Finn/Suomi tuli << [ t,u~o,l,ε,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, ll/l, ε#/ε,
Estonian tuli << [ t,u~o,l,ε,]<< #t/t, u/u~o, ll/l, ε#/ε,
Lapp/Saami dolla << [ d~t,u~o,l,l,ε,]<< #t/d~t, u/u~o, - ,- ,ε#/ε,
Proto *tūle== ( & tul-ma) wind (nature)
EmeGir/Sumer tu_ 15 & tu_-mu << [ d,a,l,(a),]<< #t/d/_R, ū/a, - ,e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar dúl << [ t,u,l,e~i,]<< #t/t, ū/u, - ,e/e~i,
Votyak/Udm tel,tev << [ t~d,i,l,,]<< #t/t~d, ū/i, - ,e#//_,
Mordvin tuuli << [ t,o,l,o,]<< #t/t/_R, ū/o, - ,e#/o,
Proto *wole== to be
EmeGir/Sumer _ul 4 << [ _,u~a,l,(a),]<< #w/_, o/u~a/#w_, - ,e#/(a)/l_, (anything, something)
EmeSal/Sumer ma-al << [ _,u~a,l,(a),]<< #w/_, o/u~a/#w_, - ,e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar vola << [ v,o~a,l,e~i,]<< #w/v, o/o~a/_l(j), - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi _all-, _ōl- << [ (v),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #w/(v)/_RC, o/a~o~u, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm vil << [ w~β,o~a,l,,]<< #w/w~β, o/o~a, - ,e#//_,
Mordvin _ul'-ems << [ _,o~u,l,o,]<< #w/_/_RC, o/o~u, - ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi _olla << [ _,a~o,l,ie~e,]<< #w/_/_Xl, o/a~o, - ,e/ie~e,
Estonian _olla << [ _,a~o,ll,ie~e,]<< #w/_/_Rl, o/a~o, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~e,
Proto *älε== (äli) lap
EmeGir/Sumer _u_ 5 << [ a,l,i~e,]<< #ä/a, l/l/#V_, ε#/i~e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar öl << [ ö,l,ε,]<< #ä/ö/_l, - ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi āl ? tal << [ ä~a,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ä/ä~a/_K, l/l~Λ~t/#V_, ε#//_ ,
Votyak/Udm al << [ e,l,,]<< #ä/e, l/l/#V_, ε#//_,
Mordvin eľ, eľeśť, äl, jäl << [ ä~e,l,ε,]<< #ä/ä~e, l/l/#V_, ε#/ε,
Proto *ćele== to relax
EmeGir/Sumer zil << [ z,e~i,l,(a),]<< #ć/z/_Fl, e/e~i, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar csill-ap-od << [ s~cs,e~i,l,e~i,]<< #ć/s~cs, e/e~i, - ,e/e~i,
Votyak/Udm ťśel- << [ č~ts,e~i,l,,]<< #ć/č~ts, e/e~i/C_l(k)(j)V, - ,e#//_,
Proto *ćukke-lε== kiss (v)
EmeGir/Sumer šag_ 5 << [ š>s,a~u,g~h,e~i,-,l,i~e,]<< #ć/š>s, u/a~u, kk/g~h, e/e~i, - ,- ,ε#/i~e/C_, (friendly,sweet)
Magyar/Hungar csok-ol << [ s~cs,u~o,k,e~i,-,l,ε,]<< #ć/s~cs, u/u~o, kk/k, e/e~i, - ,- ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi šoχ-el << [ š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,i,-,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ć/š~tš~č, u/u~o~ö, kk/k, e/i, - ,l/l~Λ~t, ε#//_ ,
Proto *ćumpε-lε== drinking vessel of birch bark
EmeGir/Sumer sab ? << [ š>s,a~u,b,ε,-,l,i~e,]<< #ć/š>s, u/a~u, mp/b, - ,- ,- ,ε#/i~e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar csobo-lyó << [ s~cs,u~o,b,ε,-,l,ε,]<< #ć/s~cs, u/u~o, mp/b, - ,- ,- ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi śump-əl << [ š~tš~č,u~o~ö,mp,ε,-,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ć/š~tš~č, u/u~o~ö, mp/mp, - ,- ,l/l~Λ~t, ε#//_ ,
Votyak/Udm ćib << [ č~ts,i~e,b~p,ε,-,l,,]<< #ć/č~ts, u/i~e, mp/b~p, - ,- ,- ,ε#//_,
Finn/Suomi sampio, sammi, sammio << [ s,u~o,mp~mm,ε,-,l,ε,]<< #ć/s, u/u~o, mp/mp~mm, - ,- ,- ,ε#/ε,
Proto *čaηkä+lu= head person/he
EmeGir/Sumer isak << [ s,u,ŋ~g,a,+,l,a~u,]<</s> gyula << [ s~cs,a~e,g,e,+,l,u~o,]<</s>g] > gil-ak << [ ŋ~n,e~i,l,(a),]<< #ń/ŋ~n, e/e~i, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_,
Magyar/Hungar nyil << [ ny,e~i,l,e~i,]<< #ń/ny, e/e~i, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi ńāl << [ ń~n,i,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #ń/ń~n, e/i, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm ńil << [ ń,e~i,l,,]<< #ń/ń, e/e~i/C_l(k)(j)V, - ,e#//_,
Mordvin nal << [ ń,e~i,l,o,]<< #ń/ń, e/e~i/_C, - ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi nuoli << [ n,ie~e,l,ie~e,]<< #ń/n, e/ie~e, - ,e/ie~e,
Estonian nool << [ ń,ie~e,ll,ie~e,]<< #ń/ń, e/ie~e, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~e,
Lapp/Saami njuollâ << [ ń~n,ie~a,ll,ie~a,]<< #ń/ń~n, e/ie~a, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~a,
Proto *ńele== [ńēle/FU ] swallow, gulp down
EmeGir/Sumer ŋili << [ ŋ~n,e~i,l,(a),]<< #ń/ŋ~n, e/e~i, l/l/F_, e#/(a)/l_, (throat?)
Magyar/Hungar nyel << [ ny,e~i,l,e~i,]<< #ń/ny, e/e~i, - ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi ńal << [ ń~n,i,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #ń/ń~n, e/i, l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Votyak/Udm ńyly << [ ń,e~i,l,,]<< #ń/ń, e/e~i/C_l(k)(j)V, - ,e#//_,
Mordvin ńile- << [ ń,e~i,l,o,]<< #ń/ń, e/e~i/_C, - ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi niele << [ n,ie~e,l,ie~e,]<< #ń/n, e/ie~e, - ,e/ie~e,
Lapp/Saami njiella << [ ń~n,ie~a,ll,ie~a,]<< #ń/ń~n, e/ie~a, l/ll/V_V, e/ie~a,
Proto *ńula== [*ńōla] lick (v) ; *ńäl-mä= tongue (-m deverbal) (body)
EmeGir/Sumer ŋèle, ŋìli << [ ŋ~n,a~u,l,a,]<< #ń/ŋ~n, u/a~u, - ,a/a,
EmeSal/Sumer méli, mili throat,pharinx,voice;eme_ << [ n~m~š,e,l,e,]<< #ń/n~m~š, u/e, - ,a/e,
Magyar/Hungar nyal << [ ny,u~o,l,a~e,]<< #ń/ny, u/u~o, - ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi ńal-emti, ńol-ant << [ ń~n,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ń/ń~n, u/u~o~ö, l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm nola- << [ ń,i~e,l,e,]<< #ń/ń, u/i~e, - ,a#/e,
Mordvin nola-ms << [ ń,o,l,a~o,]<< #ń/ń, u/o, - ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi nuole << [ n,u~o,l,a~o,]<< #ń/n, u/u~o, - ,a#/a~o,
Lapp/Saami njoall-ot << [ ń~n,u~o,ll,ē,]<< #ń/ń~n, u/u~o, l/ll/V_V, a#/ē,
Proto *śala== elm (tree) willow (tree) ; śal'ε =tree bark; (see fiber)
EmeGir/Sumer á-sal << [ š>s,a~u,l,a,]<< #ś/š>s, a/a~u/C_C, - ,a/a, (poplar)
Magyar/Hungar szil << [ sz,a~ö,l,a~e,]<< #ś/sz, a/a~ö/_l, - ,a/a~e,
Vogul/Mansi sāl't, sēl't << [ s~t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ś/s~t, a/o~u/_CV, l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm saľ << [ ś~š,e~y,l,e,]<< #ś/ś~š, a/e~y, - ,a#/e,
Mordvin säli,śeľ-ej << [ š~ś,a,l,a~o,]<< #ś/š~ś, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Finn/Suomi sal-aja << [ s,a,l,a~o,]<< #ś/s, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Proto *śala== lightning (also *ćelke) (nature)
EmeGir/Sumer zal << [ š>s,a~u,l,a,]<< #ś/š>s, a/a~u/C_C, - ,a/a,
Vogul/Mansi sal << [ s~t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ś/s~t, a/o~u/_CV, l/l~Λ~t, a#//VC_,
Finn/Suomi sala-ma << [ s,a,l,a~o,]<< #ś/s, - ,- ,a#/a~o,
Proto *śije-le== porcupine (animal)
EmeGir/Sumer šáh(2)-zé-(da-bar-sur-ra) << [ š>s,i~e,l,e~i,-,l,(a),]<</s>szögy ~ sün << [ sz,i~e,j,e~i,-,l,e~i,]<< #ś/sz, i/i~e, - ,e/e~i, - ,- ,e/e~i,
Vogul/Mansi soule << [ s~t,i~ü,j~i,-,l~Λ~t,i,]<< #ś/s~t, i/i~ü, jV/j~i/F_, - ,l/l~Λ~t, e/i,
Mordvin s'ej-el << [ š~ś,i~e,j,e,-,l,o,]<< #ś/š~ś, i/i~e, j/j, - ,- ,- ,e#/o,
Finn/Suomi sii-l << [ s,ii,_,-,l,ie~e,]<< #ś/s, F/FF/C_jV, jV/_/CF_, - ,- ,e/ie~e,
Estonian sii-l << [ s,ii,_,-,l,ie~e,]<< #ś/s, F/FF/C_jV, jV/_/CF_, - ,- ,e/ie~e,
Proto *śulε== give birth
EmeGir/Sumer sal << [ š>s,a~u,l,i~e,]<< #ś/š>s, u/a~u, - ,ε#/i~e/C_,
Magyar/Hungar szül~ _ell-ik << [ sz,u~o,l,ε,]<< #ś/sz, u/u~o, - ,- ,
Vogul/Mansi sūl-emi << [ s~t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ś/s~t, u/u~o~ö, l/l~Λ~t, ε#//_ ,
Votyak/Udm ?súd/sod-ni << [ ś~š,i~e,l,,]<< #ś/ś~š, u/i~e, - ,ε#//_,
Proto *śälä== to slice
EmeGir/Sumer sil 2 << [ š>s,a,l,(a~e),]<< #ś/š>s, ä/a, l/l/F_, ä#/(a~e),
EmeSal/Sumer zil << [ z,e,l,(e),]<< #ś/z, ä/e, l/l/F_, ä#/(e),
Magyar/Hungar szel- << [ sz,e,l,e,]<< #ś/sz, ä/e, - ,ä/e,
Vogul/Mansi sil- << [ s~t,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,]<< #ś/s~t, ä/ä~e, l/l~Λ~t, ä#//VC_,
Votyak/Udm tśel-av << [ ś~š,o~u,l,,]<< #ś/ś~š, ä/o~u, - ,ä#//_,
Finn/Suomi säle << [ s,ä,l,ä,]<< #ś/s, - ,- ,ä#/ä,
Lapp/Saami cuoll-ât << [ č,ie~a,ll,ē,]<< #ś/č, ä/ie~a, l/ll/V_V, ä#/ē,