Linguaphile wrote:sää, ilma = weather
Also
keli = bad driving conditions ; but especially in spoken language, weather in general
ukkosta = to thunder
ukkos
taa (ukkosta is the partitive of ukkonen)
ukonilma = thunderstorm
Also
ukkonen.
sumu = fog
More words:
usva = fog (no scientific definition)
utu = fog (visibility around 1-10 km)
sumu = fog (visibility less than 1 km)
auer, autere, päivänsavu, aurinkousva = fog, smog (caused by something else than water drops in air; eg. sand, air pollution, ash)
These have adjectives
usvainen, utuinen, autereinen.
vihma = rain
sade = rain
vihma = drizzle that is usually carried by a (gust of) wind (the kind of rain that consists of small water drops and hits you in the face)
----> verb
vihmoatihku = drizzle (small water drops that look almost like fog)
----> verb
tihuttaa, tihuttaa(pisara = a drop)
----> verb
pisaroida = to drizzle (a few drops of water here and there, the kind of rain when you can't decide if you really need an umbrella or not)
kaatosade = downpour (rain that looks like a shower)
----> verb
sataa kaatamalla (kaataa = to make something fall, to push over, to pour, to tip)
sataa = no exact translation, but it means that something's coming down from the sky
sataa vettä, sataa = to rain ('vettä' is often omitted)
sataa lunta = to snow
sataa rakeita = to hail
(psst:
sataa rekeita = to hail
-> rakeita)
lumi = snow
luminen = snowy
sataa lunta = to snow
räntä = sleet
rae (rakeet) = hail
sataa rekeita = to hail
halla = frost
pakkanen = hard frost
kuura = rime
jää = ice
jäinen = icy
halla = temperatures that fall so low that plants are damaged (usually around 0°C)
pakkanen = any temperature lower than 0°C
----> tulipalopakkanen = extremely low temperatures (from tulipalo = a fire (as in "the house is in fire"))
I'll add more
because I can!
Snow on the ground:
hanki = (a thick layer of) snow on the ground (a few centimetres at minimum)
kinos = a long-ish pile of snow, often formed by wind ; can also refer to the snow piles made by snow ploughs
----> verb
kinostaa = to form snow piles
----> verb
kinostua = to form into snow piles, to pile up
nietos = a
kinos made by windy snowstorms
----> verb
nietostua = to form into
kinos, to pile up
(So
kinos = the snow is already on the ground when a wind starts blowing;
nietos = it's snowing and it's windy. I don't know how well people know the exact definitions, but for example to me nietos is smaller than kinos, and nietos is on the top of the snow blanket while kinos is next to something (houses, poles, roadsides). IMO it makes sense because if it's snowing and windy, the snow piles up evenly everywhere - but if it's windy afterwards, the wind pushes the snow forward until there's something to stop it from moving.)
Types of snow when it's on the ground:
loska = almost 100% water
sohjo = snow+water, but more snow and less water than in
loska(vesi)hyhmä =
sohjo that has been mixed with water (eg. when you have a hole in the ice, there's often
hyhmä in the hole)
nuoska = snow that has been softened by a warm weather (ideal for making snow balls)
----> other terms of which some might be dialectal:
suojalumi, suvilumi, rääpäkkä, mätälumi, takkala, huovepakkaslumi = a powdery snow formed by (very) cold weather; it's very light and has very little water in it
vuotos = new, freshly fallen dry snow
ajolumi = snow carried by the wind
hankikanto = a hard surface of snow that carries your weight
----> other names:
hankiainen, kantohanki, kestohanki, hankikanne, kerste, kirsisevä = hard snow, especially used by reindeer herders: a reindeer can't dig lichen through
sevätykkylumi, tykky = heavy, tightly packed snow on tree branches; the weight can break branche. There's two ways how it's formed: it can come from rime ("from the air") or from
nuoska (from snow).
Types of snow in the air:
räntä = snow+water (on the ground it becomes sohjo or loska)
siide = fine snow or drizzle that is somewhere between snow and water
höyty, hitva, hile = snow that looks like glitter in the air
pyry = heavy snowing, snowstorm (
an example)
-----> pyryttää = to snow heavily
tuisku = snowing + strong wind or strong gusts of wind that carry the falling snow (at your face and inside your collar, usually,
like this)
lumimyrsky = snow storm (worse than
tuisku or
pyry) (
an example)
Ice and other not-snow-words:
huurre, härmä, kuura = little icicles formed due to differences in humidity conditions.
Kuura has usually bigger icicles than
huurre. Wikipedia offers these translations: kuura = frost, huurre = hard rime
----->
kuurankukka= lit. frost flower; frost that has covered larger areas, forming "flowers" (usually on windows or wing mirrors)
riite, riide, riitta, riitto, kerte, kohma, kahma, hyyde = thin icy cover formed over snow;
räntä that has frozen soon after it touched the ground
kohva = frozen mixture of water and snow on ice
polanne = partially frozen snow layer that has become packed under weight; also snow drift made by the cars in the center of the street
kalto, kaltto, kallo, jääkallo = icy spot on a road
-----> pääkallokeli = extremely icy (and thus dangerous) roads; a pun from
jääkallo + kelikaljama = slippery ice, especially on roads
iljanne = even, smooth layer of ice; usually transparent; formed by supercooled water (
an example) ; sometimes water that has frozen on the ground can be called
iljanne as well
-----> adjective
iljakasMiscellaneous:
pälvi = spot of ground in the sunny places where the snow is melting
Some of the translations were taken from
here. There's also more snow-related vocabulary there in Finnish with English translations if you're interested to learn more. I haven't included all of the existing words here, and although there might be some dialectal words in my list, I tried to keep it standard language and left out the words I knew 100% sure were dialectal.
-------------------
Also some other weather terms missing from the list:
pouta, poutasää = non-rainy weather; in spoken language it often means 'sunny', but in forecasts it can be anything except rain
suoja, suojasää = temperatures over 0°C in winter
-----> suojalumi = the type of snow in tempeartures over 0°C, cf.
nuoska-----> cf. also Estonian
soe (sooja-) = warm