księżycowy wrote:2. Unglück, Nägel und Haar wachsen durch das ganze Jahr.
2. Unfortunately, nails and hair grow throughout the whole year.
"Misfortune", it's part of the list of things that grow.
Even if you're not sure what "Unglück" means, syntax gives away that it's not an adverbial like "unfortunately". Translating your English sentence back, you'd get "Unglücklicherweise wachsen Nägel und Haare durch das ganze Jahr" (also, as you can see, no comma after adverbials in German, which would be another hint).
6. Fräulein Meier wickelt den Briefträger um den kleinen Finger.
6. Mrs. Meier wraps the mailman around [her] little finger.
Miss Meier, not Mrs. Meier.
6. Seit drei Jahren liest der Student die Philosophie Kants. (Ditto)
6. The student of philosophy reads Kant for three years.
I may be wrong about the English grammar here, but should this be "has been reading"? The sentence implies that he started three years ago and he's still reading.
Also "die Philosophie Kants" belongs together, otherwise it would have to be "der Student
der Philosophie".
7. Kinder sind eine Brücke zum Himmel. (Ditto)
7. Children are the bridge towards heaven.
"a bridge"
8. Der Stolz frühstückt mit dem Überfluß, speist zu Mittag mit der Armut und ißt zu Abend mit der Schande.
8. Pride breatfasts with abundance, eats until noon with poverty and eats until night with shame.
Literally "at noon" rather than "until noon" (but really just "lunch"). Same thing with "zu Abend".