- Permic
-- Udmurt
-- Komi
--- Komi-Permyak
--- Komi-Zyrian
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I'm trying to summarize a bit of what I found here. Any corrections and additions welcome!
Consonant alternations
There is no vowel harmony and no consonant gradation but in word-final position and before other consonants, some stem-final consonant clusters are simplified and some other consonants change. An example for the latter is the alternation of -л- and -в / -l- and -v:
вöл- / völ- ('horse', stem)
-> вöв / vöv ('horse', nominative singular)
-> вöвъяс / vöv"jas ('horses', nom. plural)
-> вöлöн / völön ('[with/by/on...] a horse', instrumental)
кыл- / kyl- ('language', stem)
-> кыв / kyv (nominative singular)
...
(The л-в / l-v alternation doesn't affect all dialects but it seems to be the norm in both written standard varieties of Komi, i.e. Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak.)
Nouns: plural
The plural suffix of nearly all nouns is -яс/-jas. It is added to the nominative singular. Whether an additional letter is inserted, depends on the last letter of the nominative singular:
(1) If the last letter is a vowel or -ь/-' (i. e. the 'soft sign' indicating palatalization), no additional letter is inserted:
керка / kerka = house (NOM SG)
керкаяс / kerkajas = houses (NOM PL)
чой / čoj = sister (NOM SG)
чойяс / čojjas = sisters (NOM PL)
нывка / nyvka = (little) girl (NOM SG)
нывкаяс / nyvkajas = (little) girls (NOM PL)
кань / kan' = cat (NOM SG)
каньяс / kan'jas = cats (NOM PL)
велöдысь / velödys' = teacher (NOM SG)
велöдысьяс / velödys'jas = teachers (NOM PL)
(2) If the last letter is a 'hard' - i. e. non-palatalized - consonant (including the affricates -тш/-tš and -дж/-dž), the letter -ъ/-" is inserted to indicate that despite the addition of the suffix -яс/-jas, the pronunciation of the nominative stem remains unchanged.
зон / zon = lad, young man (NOM SG)
зонъяс / zon"jas = lads, young men (NOM PL)
ныв / nyv = girl, young woman (NOM SG)
нывъяс / nyv"jas = girls, young women(NOM PL)
джыдж / džydž = swift (apus apus) (NOM SG)
джыджъяс / džydž"jas = swifts (NOM PL)
The following nouns have a different plural suffix: -ян/-jan:
пи / pi = son (NOM SG)
пиян / pijan = sons (NOM PL)
каньпи / kan'pi = kitten, lit. cat son (NOM SG)
каньпиян / kan'pijan = kittens (NOM PL)
порсьпи / pors'pi = young pig, piglet, lit. pig son (NOM SG)
порсьпиян / pors'pijan = piglets (NOM PL)
ошпи / ošpi = young bear, bear cub, lit. bear son (NOM SG)
ошпиян / ošpijan = bear cubs (NOM)
чипанпи / čipanpi = chicken (NOM)
чипанпиян / čipanpijan = chickens (NOM)
Most nouns can be used in the plural. Some exceptions and peculiarities:
Some nouns can only be used in the singular:
йöз / jöz = people
бать-мам / bat'-mam = parents (lit. 'father-mother')
мичлун / mičlun = beauty (abstract noun)
гöльлун / göl'lun = poverty
ва / va = water
лым / lym = snow
With regard to hands, feet, ears and eyes, the singular tends to be used:
ки / ki = hand = hands
кок / kok = foot = feet
пель / pel' = ear = ears
син / sin = eye = eyes
The plural can be used as a hint that there are more people involved than the person mentioned:
- батьöяс / bat'öjas = my father (and others)
Unlike Russian and English, all nouns have a singular form, e. g. öчки / öčki = glasses (derived from Russian očki, but in Komi this word is in the singular; the plural can be formed regularly: öчкияс / öčkijas = (several pairs of) glasses.
Possessive suffixes
Possessive suffixes indicate possession and (in some cases) definiteness:
(s= singular, p = plural, 1 = 1st person, 2 = 2nd person, 3 = 3rd person)
s1 вöлöй / völöj = my horse
s2 вöлыд / völyd = your (sg) horse
s3 вöлыс / völys = his / her / the horse
p1 вöвным / vovnym = our horse
p2 вöвныд / vövnyd = your (pl) horse
p3 вöвныс / vövnys = their horse
Cases
NOM / nominative / именительный (use)
(no suffix)
s1 -öй / -öj
s2 -ыд / -yd
s3 -ыс / -ys
p1 -ным / -nym
p2 -ныд / -nyd
p3 -ныc / -nys
GEN / genitive / родительный
- лöн / -lön
s1 - öйлöн / -öjlön
s2 - ыдлöн / -ydlön
s3 - ыслöн / -yslön
p1 - нымлöн / -nymlön
p2 - ныдлöн / -nydlön
p3 - ныслöн / -nyslön
ABL / ablative / притяжательный
- лысь / -lys'
s1 -öйлысь / -öjlys'
s2 -ыдлысь / -ydlys'
s3 -ыслысь / -yslys'
p1 -нымлысь / -nymlys'
p2 -ныдлысь / -nydlys'
p3 -ныcлысь / -nyslys'
DAT / dative / дательный
- лы / -ly
s1 -öйлы / -öjly
s2 -ыдлы / -ydly
s3 -ыслы / -ysly
p1 -нымлы / -nymly
p2 -ныдлы / -nydly
p3 -ныcлы / -nysly
ACC / accusative / винительный
--, -öс / --, -ös
s1 -öс / -ös
s2 -тö / -tö
s3 -сö / -sö
p1 -нымöс / -nymös
p2 -нытö / -nytö
p3 -нысö / -nysö
INS / instrumental / творительный (use)
-öн / -ön
s1 -нам / -nam
s2 -над / -nad
s3 -нас / -nas
p1 -наным / -nanym
p2 -наныд / -nanyd
p3 -наныс / -nanys
COM / comitative / соединительный (use)
-кöд / -köd
s1 -öйкöд / -öjköd
s2 -ыдкöд / -ydköd
s3 -ыскöд / -ysköd
p1 -нымкöд / -nymköd
p2 -ныдкöд / -nydköd
p3 -ныcкöд / -nysköd
ABE / abessive / лишительный (use)
- тöг / -tög
s1 -öйтöг / -öjtög
s2 -тöгыд / -tögyd
s3 -тöгыс / -tögys
p1 -тöгным / -tögnym
p2 -тöгныд / -tögnyd
p3 -тöгныc / -tögnys
CAU / causative / достигательный
-ла / -la
s1 -öйла / -öjla
s2 -ыдла / -ydla
s3 -ысла / -ysla
p1 -нымла / -nymla
p2 -ныдла / -nydla
p3 -ныcла / -nysla
INE / inessive / местный
-ын / -yn
s1 -ам / -am
s2 -ад / -ad
s3 -ас / -as
p1 -аным / -anym
p2 -аныд / -anyd
p3 -аныс / -anys
ELA / elative / исходный
-ысь /-ys'
s1 -сьым / -s'ym
s2 -сьыд / -s'yd
s3 -сьыс / -s'ys
p1 -сьыным / -s'ynym
p2 -сьыныд / -s'ynyd
p3 -сьыныс / -s'ynys
ILL / illative / вступительный
-ö / -ö
s1 -ам / -am
s2 -ад / -ad
s3 -ас / -as
p1 -аным / -anym
p2 -аныд / -anyd
p3 -аныс / -anys
APP / approximative / приблизительный
-лань / -lan'
s1 -öйлань, -ланьым / -öjlan', -lan'ym
s2 -ланьыд / -lan'yd
s3 -ланьыс / -lan'ys
p1 -нымлань, -ланьным / -nymlan', -lan'nym
p2 -ныдлань, -ланьныд / -nydlan', -lan'nyd
p3 -ныслань, -ланьныс / -nyslan', -lan'nys
EGR / egressive / отдалительный
-сянь / -sjan'
s1 -öйсянь, -сяньым / -öjsjan', -sjan'ym
s2 -сяньыд / -sjan'yd
s3 -сяньыс / -sjan'ys
p1 -сяньным / -sjan'nym
p2 -сяньныд / -sjan'nyd
p3 -сяньнысь / -sjan'nys'
PRO / prolative (transitive) / переходный
-öд, -тi / -öd, -tì
s1 -öдым, -тiым / -ödym, tìym
s2 -öдыд, -тiыд / -ödyd, tìyd
s3 -öдыс, -тiыс / -ödys, tìys
p1 -öдным, -тiным / -ödnym, -tìym
p2 -öдныд, -тiныд / -ödnyd, -tìnyd
p3 -öдныс, -тiныс / -ödnys, -tìnys
TER / terminative / предельный
-öдз / -ödz
s1 -öдзым / -ödzym
s2 -öдзыд /-ödzyd
s3 -öдзыс / -ödzys
p1 -öдзным / -ödznym
p2 -öдзныд / -ödznyd
p3 -öдзныс / -ödznys
For comparisons with other Uralic languages:
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