Komi-Zyrian (Коми кыв)

[h34]

Resources (thanks for all additions!)

Basic course
Dictionary Komi-Zyrian > Russian
Dictionary Russian > Komi-Zyrian
Grammar (ru)
Basic vocabulary, phrases (en)
Dictionary Komi_Zyrian <> Russian *
* with audio, declension and conjugation tables

Some videos about basic vocabulary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nItUPQxxs9s

I'm trying to summarize a bit of what I found here. As I'm at least 99.9 percent sure that I'll make some mistakes, any corrections and additions welcome!

Writing system and phonology are explained in this Wikipedia article.

Consonant alternations
Nouns
- Plural
- Possessive suffixes
- Cases
- Some common nouns
Adjectives
- Declension
- Comparison
- Some common adjectives
Numerals
- Cardinal numbers
- Ordinal numbers
Pronouns
- Personal pronouns
- Emphasized pronouns
- Interrogative pronouns
- Negative pronouns
- Indefinite pronouns
Verbs
- Conjugation of the verb 'to be'
- Conjugation (general)
- Conjugation of the verbs овны (to live) and локны (to come)
- Some common verbs
Parts of the body
Vegetation
Bodies of water
Example of case declension
Weather
Time-related expressions
Some conversational phrases

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Consonant alternations

There is no consonant gradation but in word-final position and before other consonants, some stem-final consonant clusters are simplified and some other consonants change. An example for the latter is the alternation of -л- and -в / -l- and -v:

вöл- / völ- ('horse', stem)
-> вöв / vöv ('horse', nominative singular)
-> вöвъяс / vöv"jas ('horses', nom. plural)
-> вöлöн / völön ('[with/by/on...] a horse', instrumental)

кыл- / kyl- ('language', stem)
-> кыв / kyv (nominative singular)
...

(The л-в / l-v alternation doesn't affect all dialects but it seems to be the norm in both written standard varieties of Komi, i.e. Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak.)

Nouns

Plural

Plural suffix: -яс / -jas

Preceding consonants are not palatalized ('softened'). As this contradicts the general pattern of palatalization, a 'hard sign' (ъ / ") is added, as in the example mentioned above:

вöв / vöv (horse)
вöвъяс / vöv"jas (horses)

Most nouns can be used in the plural. Some exceptions and peculiarities:

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Some nouns can only be used in the singular:
- йöз / jöz = people
- бать-мам / bat'-mam = parents (lit. 'father-mother')
- мичлун / mičlun = beauty (abstract noun)
- гöльлун / göl'lun = poverty
- ва / va = water
- лым / lym = snow

With regard to hands, feet, ears and eyes, the singular tends to be used:
- ки / ki = hand = hands
- кок / kok = foot = feet
- пель / pel' = ear = ears
- син / sin = eye = eyes

The plural can be used as a hint that there are more people involved than the person mentioned:
- батьöяс / bat'öjas = my father (and others)

Unlike Russian and English, all nouns have a singular form:
- öчки / öčki = glasses (derived from Russian očki, but in Komi this word is in the singular; the plural can be formed regularly: öчкияс / öčkijas = [several pairs of] glasses)

Possessive suffixes

Possessive suffixes indicate possession and (in some cases) definiteness:

(s= singular, p = plural, 1 = 1st person, 2 = 2nd person, 3 = 3rd person)

s1 вöлöй / völöj = my horse
s2 вöлыд / völyd = your (sg) horse
s3 вöлыс / völys = his / her / the horse
p1 вöвным / vovnym = our horse
p2 вöвныд / vövnyd = your (pl) horse
p3 вöвныс / vövnys = their horse

Cases

NOM / nominative / именительный
(no suffix)
s1 -öй / -öj
s2 -ыд / -yd
s3 -ыс / -ys
p1 -ным / -nym
p2 -ныд / -nyd
p3 -ныc / -nys

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Nouns in the nominative case can express
(1) the subject
(2) the predicate

Examples:
(1) Töв лыбис. / Töv lybis.
= The wind rose.
(2) Мужикыс кузнеч. / Mužikys kuzneč.
= Her husband (is a) blacksmith.

Nouns followed by postpositions tend to be in the nominative case:
- пызан сайö / pyzan sajö
= behind the table (movement; ru 'за стол')
- пызан сайын / pyzan sajyn
= behind the table (position; ru 'за столом')
- пызан сайысь / pyzan sajys'
= from behind the table
- пызан вылö / pyzan vylö
= on(to) the table (movement; ru 'на стол')
- пызан вылын / pyzan vylyn
= on the table (position; ru 'на столе')
- пызан вылысь / pyzan vylys'
= from the table

Several nouns in the nominative case can follow each other. The sequence often differs from Russian (the 'bigger' unit tends to precede the 'smaller' one, the 'whole' precedes a part of it, the 'possessor' precedes whatever is 'possessed' etc) but sometimes there are parallels with English:
- мельник пи / mel'nik pi
= son of a miller
= the miller's son
- бать керкаын / bat' kerkayn
= in the house of the father
= in the father's house
- керка вевт / kerka vevt
= a roof of a house
- эзысь деньга / èzys' den'ga
= silver coin
- ва пельса / va pel'sa
= barrel of water
= water barrel
- нянь дук / njan' duk
= the smell of bread
- пув ва / puv va
= cranberry juice (lit. 'water')
- чипан кольк / čipan kol'k
= chicken egg
- вöв куйöд / vöv kujöd
= horse droppings
- Печöра ю / Pečöra ju
= Pechora River, река Печора

GEN / genitive / родительный
- лöн / -lön
s1 - öйлöн / -öjlön
s2 - ыдлöн / -ydlön
s3 - ыслöн / -yslön
p1 - нымлöн / -nymlön
p2 - ныдлöн / -nydlön
p3 - ныслöн / -nyslön

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ABL / ablative / притяжательный
- лысь / -lys'
s1 -öйлысь / -öjlys'
s2 -ыдлысь / -ydlys'
s3 -ыслысь / -yslys'
p1 -нымлысь / -nymlys'
p2 -ныдлысь / -nydlys'
p3 -ныcлысь / -nyslys'

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DAT / dative / дательный
- лы / -ly
s1 -öйлы / -öjly
s2 -ыдлы / -ydly
s3 -ыслы / -ysly
p1 -нымлы / -nymly
p2 -ныдлы / -nydly
p3 -ныcлы / -nysly

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ACC / accusative / винительный
--, -öс / --, -ös
s1 -öс / -ös
s2 -тö / -tö
s3 -сö / -sö
p1 -нымöс / -nymös
p2 -нытö / -nytö
p3 -нысö / -nysö

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INS / instrumental / творительный
-öн / -ön
s1 -нам / -nam
s2 -над / -nad
s3 -нас / -nas
p1 -наным / -nanym
p2 -наныд / -nanyd
p3 -наныс / -nanys

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COM / comitative / соединительный
-кöд / -köd
s1 -öйкöд / -öjköd
s2 -ыдкöд / -ydköd
s3 -ыскöд / -ysköd
p1 -нымкöд / -nymköd
p2 -ныдкöд / -nydköd
p3 -ныcкöд / -nysköd

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ABE / abessive / лишительный
- тöг / -tög
s1 -öйтöг / -öjtög
s2 -тöгыд / -tögyd
s3 -тöгыс / -tögys
p1 -тöгным / -tögnym
p2 -тöгныд / -tögnyd
p3 -тöгныc / -tögnys

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CAU / causative / достигательный
-ла / -la
s1 -öйла / -öjla
s2 -ыдла / -ydla
s3 -ысла / -ysla
p1 -нымла / -nymla
p2 -ныдла / -nydla
p3 -ныcла / -nysla

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INE / inessive / местный
-ын / -yn
s1 -ам / -am
s2 -ад / -ad
s3 -ас / -as
p1 -аным / -anym
p2 -аныд / -anyd
p3 -аныс / -anys

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ELA / elative / исходный
-ысь /-ys'
s1 -сьым / -s'ym
s2 -сьыд / -s'yd
s3 -сьыс / -s'ys
p1 -сьыным / -s'ynym
p2 -сьыныд / -s'ynyd
p3 -сьыныс / -s'ynys

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ILL / illative / вступительный
-ö / -ö
s1 -ам / -am
s2 -ад / -ad
s3 -ас / -as
p1 -аным / -anym
p2 -аныд / -anyd
p3 -аныс / -anys

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APP / approximative / приблизительный
-лань / -lan'
s1 -öйлань, -ланьым / -öjlan', -lan'ym
s2 -ланьыд / -lan'yd
s3 -ланьыс / -lan'ys
p1 -нымлань, -ланьным / -nymlan', -lan'nym
p2 -ныдлань, -ланьныд / -nydlan', -lan'nyd
p3 -ныслань, -ланьныс / -nyslan', -lan'nys

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EGR / egressive / отдалительный
-сянь / -sjan'
s1 -öйсянь, -сяньым / -öjsjan', -sjan'ym
s2 -сяньыд / -sjan'yd
s3 -сяньыс / -sjan'ys
p1 -сяньным / -sjan'nym
p2 -сяньныд / -sjan'nyd
p3 -сяньнысь / -sjan'nys'

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PRO / prolative (transitive) / переходный
-öд, -тi / -öd, -tì
s1 -öдым, -тiым / -ödym, tìym
s2 -öдыд, -тiыд / -ödyd, tìyd
s3 -öдыс, -тiыс / -ödys, tìys
p1 -öдным, -тiным / -ödnym, -tìym
p2 -öдныд, -тiныд / -ödnyd, -tìnyd
p3 -öдныс, -тiныс / -ödnys, -tìnys

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TER / terminative / предельный
-öдз / -ödz
s1 -öдзым / -ödzym
s2 -öдзыд /-ödzyd
s3 -öдзыс / -ödzys
p1 -öдзным / -ödznym
p2 -öдзныд / -ödznyd
p3 -öдзныс / -ödznys

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For comparisons with other Uralic languages:
Links to threads by language
Links to threads / posts by topic

[h34]

Some common nouns

(-в -л-) = в / v alternates with л / l

a / a

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ав / av = mind, spirit (авй- / avj-)
ай / aj = father
ай-мам / aj-mam = parents
анбур / anbur = alphabet
ань / an' = woman
ар / ar = autumn
арлыд / arlyd = age (e.g. of a person, ru 'возраст')
арöс / arös = year (of age)
асыв / asyv = morning; east (-в -л-)
асыввыв / asyvvyv = east (-в -л-)

б / b

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баб / bab = (paternal) grandmother
бан / ban = face
бать / bat' = father
бать-мам / bat'-mam = parents
бекар / bekar = cup
би / bi = fire
бус / bus = dust

в / v

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ва / va = water
вад / vad = (forest) lake
вежон / vežon = week
вем / vem = brain
видз / vidz = meadow
вир / vir = blood
во / vo = year
вой / voj = night; north
войвыв / vojvyv = north (-в -л-)
войт / vojt = drop
войтыр / vojtyr = people
воськов / vos'kov = step
вотöс / votös = berry, berries
вöв / vöv = horse (-в -л-)
вöр / vör = forest
вöртас / vörtas = horizon
вöт / vöt = dream
выв / vyv = surface (-в -л-)
вый / vyj = butter
вын / vyn = power, strength

г / g

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гаж / gaž = happiness
гоб / gob = mushroom
гор / gor = sound
горт / gort = house
гос / gos = fat
гöгыль / gögyl' = wheel; circle; disk
гöн / gön = feather
гöтыр / götyr = wife
гут / gut = fly
гут-гаг / gut-gag = insect(s)
гы / gy = wave
гым / gym = thunder, thunderstorm

д / d

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дi / dì = island
дон / don = price
дук / duk = smell, scent, flavour
дум / dum = thought

дж / dž

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джодж / džodž = floor

дз / dz

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дзирд / dzird = sparkle, glow, shine
дзоридз / dzoridz = flower

е / e

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ем / em = needle
ен / en = god
енеж / enež = sky
енэжтас / enèžtas = horizon

ё / ё

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ёг / ёg = rubbish, garbage, waste
ёнлун / ёnlun = strength, quality
ёрт / ёrt = mate, friend, companion, comrade
ёртлун / ёrtlun = friendship

ж / ž

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жыр / žyr = room

з / z

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зарни / zarni = gold
здук / zduk = moment
зелля / zellja = medicine
зеп / zep = pocket
зi / zì = wasp
зон / zon = young man, young guy
зык / zyk = noise, dispute, hostility
зэр / zèr = rain

и / i

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ид / id = barley
из / iz = stone
ин / in = place

й / j

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йи / ji = ice
йöв / jöv = milk (-в -л-)
йöз / jöz = people

к / k

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кага / kaga = child
кад / kad = time, period
каля / kalja = seagull
кань / kan' = cat
кар / kar = town, city
кер / ker = log, beam, tinder
керка / kerka = house
ки / ki = hand
кинь / kin' = spark, sparkle
кодзув / kodzuv = star
коз / koz = spruce, fir
кок / kok = leg, foot
кольк / kol'k = egg
кöдза / ködza = sowing, seeding
кöин / köin = wolf
кöм / köm = shoes, footwear
кöр / kör = deer, reindeer
кöрт / kört = iron
кöч / köč = hare
ку / ku = skin
кутш / kutš = eagle
кыдз / kydz = birch
кымöр / kymör = cloud
кынöм / kynöm = stomach, belly
кыр / kyr = cliff
кырныш / kyrnyš = raven
кытш / kytš = ring, circle

л / l

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лайк / lajk = ravine
лача / lača = hope
лöж / löž = lie
лун / lun = day
луна-воя / luna-voja = day and night, 24-hour period
лунвыв / lunvyv = south
лы / ly = bone
лыд / lyd = number, (countable) amount
лым / lym = snow
лысва / lysva = dew
лэбач / lebač = bird

м / m

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ма / ma = honey
майтöг / majtög = soap
мам / mam = mother
мам-бать = parents (lit. 'mother-father')
меж / mež = sheep
мич, мичлун / mič, mičlun = beauty
мой / moj = beaver
мойд, мойдкыв / mojd, mojdkyv = tale
мойдысь / mojdys' = storyteller
морöс / morös = breast
морт / mort = man, human being
мöвп / mövp = thought
мöс / mös = cow
му / mu = land, country, region; dry land; earth, soil; field, arable land
мужичöй / mužičöj = man
мус / mus = liver
муслун / muslun = love
мывкыд / myvkyd = mind,reason, sense
мыж / myž = fault, guilt
мыш, мышку / myš, myšku = back (anatomy)

н / n

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ним / nim = name
нинпу / ninpu = linden tree
нитш / nitš = moss
ног / nog = way, method (to do something)
ном / nom = age (period); life
нöк / nök = sour cream
ныв / nyv = girl; daughter (-в -л-)
нывбаба / nyvbaba = woman
ныв-зон / nyv-zon = youth, youngsters (lit. 'girl-boy')
нывка / nyvka = (little) girl
ныр / nyr = nose
ныр-вом / nyr-vom = face
нэм / nèm = age (period); life (= ном / nom?)
нюм / njum = smile, chuckle
нюр / njur = bog
няйт / njajt = dirt
нянь / njan' = bread

о / o

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ов / ov = family name
оз / oz = strawberry
олöм / olöm = life
от / ot = width
отсöг / otsög = help
ош / oš = bear

ö / ö

п / p

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пань / pan' = spoon
пар / par = lip
пас / pas = sign
пекнича / peknica = Friday
пелыс / pelys = oar
пель / pel' = ear
пельöс / pel'ös = corner
пи / pi = son, boy
пинь / pin' = tooth
поводдя / povoddja = weather
пожöм / požöm = pine, pine tree
пом / pom = end
помка / pomka = reason, cause, pretext
порсь / pors' = pig
пос / pos = bridge, crossing; staircase
пöим / pöim = ash
пöль / pöl' = (paternal) grandfather
пöра / pöra = time (ru 'пора')
пöтка / pötka = bird
пöч / pöč = (paternal) grandmother
пу / pu = tree; wood, timber, lumber
пуктас / puktas = vegetable

р / r

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рака / raka = crow
рака тöлысь / raka tölys' = March ('crow month')
рöмпöштан / römpöštan = mirror
ру / ru = mist; mood
бур руын / bur ruyn = in a good mood
рудзöг (= сю?) / rudzög = rye
руч / ruč = fox
рыт / ryt = evening; west
рытвыв / rytvyv = west (-в -л-)
рытвыв-вой(выв) / rytvyv-voj(vyv) = north-west
рытвыв-лун / rytvyv-lun = south-west

с / s

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сакар / sakar = sugar
саридз / saridz = sea
серам / seram = laughter
сёрни / sёrni = talk, conversation
син / sin = eye(s)
синвидзöдлас / sinvidzödlas = view
сись / sis' = candle
сов / sov = salt (-в -л-)
сой / soj = arm
стеклö / steklö = glass
стен / sten = wall
сынöд / synöd = air
сьöлöм / s'ölöm = heart
сьылан, сьыланкыв / s'ylan, s'ylankyv = song
сю / sju = rye
сю му / sju mu = rye field

т / t

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теш / teš = laughter, joke
той / toj = louse
тош / toš = beard
тöв / töv = winter; wind (-в -л-)
тöдöм / tödöm = knowledge
тöлысь / tölys' = moon
туй / tuj = way, road, path
тулыс / tulys = spring
турун / turun = grass
ты / ty = lake

тш / tš

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тшак / tšak = mushroom
тшыг, тшыглун / tšyg, tšyglun = hunger
тшын / tšyn = smoke

у / u

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ув / uv = granch, bow, twig (-в -л-)
удж / udž = work, effort
улича / uliča = street (ru 'улица')
ун / un = sleep
ур / ur = squirrel

ф, х, ц

ч / č

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чавкан / čavkan = (jack)daw (corvus monedula)
челядь / čeljad' = child, children
чери / čeri = fish
чой / čoj = sister
чужöм / čužöm = person; birth

ш / š

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шабдi / šabdì = flax
шайт / šajt = ruble
шеп / šep = ear (bot.), head (bot.)
шер / šer = hail
школа / škola = school
шмонь / šmon' = joke
шöбдi / šöbdì = wheat
шом / šom = coal
шондi / šondì = sun
шоныд, шоныдлун / šonyd(lun) = warmth
шöр / šör = centre, middle
шöрлун / šörlun = Wednesday
шпынь / špyn' = smile
шув / šuv = wind, whirlwind, storm
шуд, шудлун / šud(lun) = happiness, joy, fortune
шудтöмлун / šudtömlun = misfortune
шы / šy = phoneme, speech sound, sound of speech
шылад / šylad = melody (lit. 'sound sequence')
шыр / šyr = mouse

щ / šč

ы / y

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ыб / yb = hillock, upland, highland
ыджда / ydžda = size
ыж / yž = sheep
ылдöс / yldös = space, area; system
ытва / ytva = flood
ыштöм / yštöm = interest, motivation

э / è

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эбöс / èbös = strenth, power
эж / èž = surface, cover
эсысь / èsys' = silver
эрд / èrd = forest meadow, wood glade
эскöм / èsköm = faith, trust, hope
этш / ètš = character, temper
эштöм / èštöm = end, completion

ю / ju

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ю / ju = river
югдан / jugdan = light, daylight
югыд / jugyd = light, shine
юкöд / juköd = section, partition, division
юр / jur = head
юркар / jurkar = capital city (lit. 'head city', 'pealinn', 'pääkaupunki',...)
юрси / jursi = hair
юсь / jus' = swan
ютор(й) / jutor(j) = small river, stream
ютыр / jutyr = (political) party

я / ja

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яблöг / jablög = apple
яг / jag = pine forest
яй / jaj = meat

Sources: 1 2 3

For comparisons with other Uralic languages:
Links to threads by language
Links to threads / posts by topic

[Linguaphile]

Nice thread and great info, h34! Thanks!

I started looking through your vocab in search of close cognates with the Finnic languages I'm more familiar with, and found these:

вир / vir = blood: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Veps/Ludic veri (meaning "blood")
вый / vyj = butter: Estonian/Votic/Ingrian või, Veps/Finnish/Ludic voi (meaning "butter")
ав / av = mind, spirit (авй- / avj-): Estonian/Votic aju, Finnish aivo, Veps/Ingrian aivod (meaning "mind," "brain" but not "spirit")
во / vo = year: Veps voź, Ingrian/Estonian voos, Votic voosi, Finnish vuosi, Ludic vuož (in Estonian voos does not normally mean "year" except in an agricultural sense such as an annual crop, etc. (= aastane viljasaak, vilja-aasta). In the other languages the word listed means "year" in the more standard sense of a 365-day period or calendar year.)

[h34]

I started looking through your vocab in search of close cognates with the Finnic languages I'm more familiar with, and found these:

вир / vir = blood: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Veps/Ludic veri (meaning "blood")
вый / vyj = butter: Estonian/Votic/Ingrian või, Veps/Finnish/Ludic voi (meaning "butter")
ав / av = mind, spirit (авй- / avj-): Estonian/Votic aju, Finnish aivo, Veps/Ingrian aivod (meaning "mind," "brain" but not "spirit")
во / vo = year: Veps voź, Ingrian/Estonian voos, Votic voosi, Finnish vuosi, Ludic vuož (in Estonian voos does not normally mean "year" except in an agricultural sense such as an annual crop, etc. (= aastane viljasaak, vilja-aasta). In the other languages the word listed means "year" in the more standard sense of a 365-day period or calendar year.)

Thanks a lot!

[Linguaphile]

Here are some more (this is fun! ):

ай / aj = father: Estonian äi (meaning "father-in-law"), Finnish äijä (meaning "old man"), Ingrian äijä (meaning "grandfather")

коз / koz = spruce, fir: Veps kuź, Ludian kuuž, Võro kuuś, Finnish/Votic/Ingrian kuusi, Estonian kuusk, Livonian kūzõz (meaning "spruce, fir")

вем / vem = brain: Estonian/Livonian/Võro vaim (meaning "spirit"), Saami váibmu (meaning "heart")

вын / vyn = power, strength: Estonian/Võro võim, Votic võima, Ludic voim, Finnish/Ingrian voima, (meaning "power, strength")

йи / ji = ice: Livonian jei, Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian jää, Veps jä, Võro ijä (meaning "ice")

ки / ki = hand: Estonian/Finnish/Ingrian/Võro käsi, Veps käzi, Ludic käži, Livonian ke’ž, Votic tšäsi (meaning "hand")

кутш / kutš = eagle: Estonian kotkas, Finnish kotka, Votic kotko, Ludic kotke, Võro kodas (meaning "eagle")

лы / ly = bone: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Ludic/Livonian/Võro luu, Veps lu (meaning "bone")

лым / lym = snow: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Ludic/Võro lumi, Livonian lu’m (meaning "snow")

му / mu = land, country, region; dry land; earth, soil; field, arable land: Ludic mua, Estonian/Finnish/Ingrian/Võro maa, Veps maa, Livonian mō (meaning "land, country, region, earth, soil")

ним / nim = name: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Võro nimi, Veps/Ludic ńimi, Livonian ni’m (meaning "name")

олöм / olöm = life: Finnish/Votic/Veps/Võro elo, Estonian elu, Livonian je’l (meaning "life")

порсь / pors' = pig: Võro põrss, Finnish/Ingrian porsas, Veps porzaz, Estonian põrsas, Votic põrzas, Livonian pūoraz (meaning "piglet, young pig")

пу / pu = tree; wood, timber, lumber: Veps pu, Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Ludic/Livonian/Võro puu (meaning "tree, wood")

син / sin = eye(s): Estonian/Võro silm, Veps siľm, Finnish/Votic/Ingrian silmä, Livonian sīlma, Ludic šilm (meaning "eye")

той / toj = louse: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Võro täi, Veps ťäi, Ludic ťiäi, Livonian tej (meaning "louse")

тöв / töv = winter; wind (-в -л-): Estonian talv, Finnish/Votic/Ingrian talvi, Veps/Ludic taľv, Võro tal, Livonian tōla(meaning "winter")

тöдöм / tödöm = knowledge: Estonian teada, Finnish tietää, Ingrian tiitää, Ludic ťiettä, Votic täätää, Võro teedäq, Veps ťeta, Livonian tīedõ (meaning "to know")

туй / tuj = way, road, path: Estonian/Votic/Ingrian tee, Finnish tie, Ludic ťie, Veps ťe, Võro tii (meaning "way, road, path")

ун / un = sleep: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Veps/Võro uni, Ludic uńi, Livonian u’ņ (meaning "sleep")

ур / ur = squirrel: Estonian/Veps orav, Finnish orava, Votic õrava, Võro orrav, Ingrian orraava, Livonian vȯrābõz (meaning "squirrel")

шыр / šyr = mouse: Estonian hiir, Ludic/Võro hiiŕ, Veps hiŕ, Finnish/Ingrian hiiri, Votic iiri, Livonian īr (meaning "mouse")

эскöм / èsköm = faith, trust, hope: Estonian/Livonian usk, Finnish/Votic/Veps/Võro usko (meaning "faith, belief")

There's also this pair:
ва / va = water: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Võro vesi, Veps vezi, Livonian ve’ž , Ludian veži (meaning "water")
ма / ma = honey: Estonian/Finnish/Votic/Ingrian/Võro mesi, Veps meźi, Livonian me’ž , Ludian meži (meaning "honey")
Both are thought to be Indo-European loans, but very old ones. It's interesting to see the parallels in the sound changes.

[h34]

Thank you for these comparisons!

Adjectives

- Declension

Adjectives in attributive position do not decline for case and (generally) not for number either, e.g.:

гöрд чышъян
görd čyš"jan
red scarf
= red scarf

гöрд чышъянöн
görd čyš"janön
red scarf-INSTRUMENTAL
= with a red scarf

Adjectives in predicative position do not decline for case either but they do decline for number. Plurality is marked with the suffix -öсь / -ös':

тöвся лун дженьыд
tövsja lun džen'yd
wintery day short
= (a/the) winter day is short

тöвся лунъяс дженьыдöсь
tövsja lun"jas džen'ydös'
wintery day-PLURAL short-PLURAL
= (the) winter days are short

- Comparison

The comparative is formed by adding the suffix -джык / -džyk:

кузь / kuz'
= long
кузьджык / kuz'džyk
= longer
вöсни / vösni
= thin
вöсниджык / vösnidžyk
= thinner
ён / ёn
= strong, powerful
ёнджык / ёndžyk
= stronger, more powerful

The superlative is formed with the prefix мед- / med- or the particle медса / medsa:

бур / bur
= good
медбур, медса бур / medbur, medsa bur
= best
мича / miča
= beautiful
медмича, медса мича / medmiča, medsa miča
= most beautiful

- Some common adjectives

а / a

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абутöм / abutöm = poor, meager
авъя / av"ja = friendly, pleasant, polite
апастöм / apastöm = ugly
арлыда / arlyda = elderly
арся / arsja = autumn-, autumnal
- арся поводдя / arsja povoddja = autumn weather
артмытöм / artmytöm = unfortunate, unsuccessful
аскиа / askia = tomorrow's, lit. 'tomorrowish'
асъя / as"ja = morning-, matutinal

б / b

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баръёв / bar"ёv = crooked
биавиж / biaviž = orange
бобö / bobö = nice
бордъя / bord"ja = winged
бöб / böb = stupid
букыд / bukyd = cloudy
- букыд лун / bukyd lun = (a/the) cloudy day
бур / bur = good
- бур лун / bur lun = (a/the) good day (also used as a greeting)
бурджык / burdžyk = better
быгыд / bygyd = pale

в / v

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важ / važ = old; ancient
- важ керка / važ kerka = (an/the) old house
ваувса / vauvsa = underwater, submarine (adj.)
вевдорса / vevdorsa = upper
веж / vež = green
вежонса / vežonsa = weekly
вежöра / vežöra = wise, reasonable, clever, alert
вежöртöм / vežörtöm = unwise, stupid
векни / vekni = narrow
верстьö / verst'ö = grown up
веськыд / ves'kyd = direct, straight; right, right-hand
виж / viž = yellow
визя / vizja = striped
вогöгöрся / vogögörsja = annual, year-long
воддза / voddza = fore, front- ; previous, preceding
войся / vojsja = nocturnal, night- ; northern
- войся кад / vojsja kad = night time
восьса / vos'sa = open, clear (sky), cloudless
вося / vosja = annual
вöрса / vörsa = forest-
вöсни / vösni = thin
выль / vyl' = new
вына / vyna = strong, powerful
вынтöм / vyntöm = weak, powerless

г / g

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гажа / gaža = joyful, nice, beautiful, bright, fine
гажтöм / gažtöm = joyless, sad
гожся / gožsja = summer-
гортса / gortsa = domestic, house-
горш / gorš = eager, avid
госа / gosa = greasy
гöгрöс / gögrös = round, circular
гöль / göl' = poor
гöрд / görd = red
гырысь / gyrys' = major, large, big

д / d

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дась / das' = ready
дженьыд / džen'yd = short
- дженьыд туй / džen'yd tuj = short road
джуджыд / džudžyd = high, tall
- джуджыд керöс / džudžyd kerös = tall mountain
джынъя / džyn"ja = incomplete, non-exhaustive
дзескыд / dzeskyd = close
дзоля / dzolja = small
- дзоля керка / dzolja kerka = small house
дзонь / dzon' = safe, unharmed
долыд / dolyd = cheerful, joyful
дон / don = clean, neat, clear, translucent
дона / dona = expensive, dear
донтöм / dontöm = cheap
дошлöй / došlöj = skilful, artful
дыш / dyš = lazy
дэбыд / dèbyd = warm
- дэбыд ва / debyd va = warm water

e / e

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еджыд / edžyd = white
- еджыд кыдз / edžyd kydz = white birch
- еджыд лым / edžyd lym = white snow
емдон / emdon = (made of) steel
енбиа / enbia = gifted, talented
ермöг / ermög = silk- , silky

ё / ё

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ёг / ёg = trash
ёльк / ёl'k = slippery (road)
ён / ёn = strong, powerful, solid, firm, healthy
- ён тöв = strong wind
ёсь / ёs' = sharp
- ёсь пурт / ёs' purt = sharp knife

ж / ž

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жеб / žeb = weak, frail; sluggish
жугыль / žugyl' = sad, unfortunate

з / z

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зэлыд / zèlyd = tight, stingy

и / i

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изйöсь / izjös' = rocky, stony
ичöт / ičöt = small, little
- ичöт ю / ičöt ju = little river, stream

й / j

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йиа / jia = ice- , icy
йöй / jöj = stupid
йöла / jöla = milk- , milky

к / k

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карса / karsa = city- , town- , urban
кельыд / kel'yd = pale, light, bright
кид / kid = shy, unsociable
кизьöр / kiz'ör = rare
кокни / kokni = light (not heavy)
кольквиж / kol'kviž = yellow, lit. egg-yellow (as opposed to биaвиж / biaviž = orange, lit. 'fire/fiery-yellow'?)
коньöр / kon'ör = poor
кос / kos = dry
кöрта / körta = iron
- кöрт туй / kört tuj = railway (lit. 'iron way', cf. 'raudtee', 'rautatie', 'железная дорога')
кузь / kuz' = long
курыд / kuryd = bitter
куш / kuš = bare, naked; bald; empty
кыз / kyz = thick, fat; heavy
кымöра / kymöra = cloudy
- кымöра лун / kymöra lun = cloudy day
кымöртöм / kymörtöm = cloudless
- кымöртöм асыв / kymörtöm asyv = cloudless morning

л / l

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лада / lada = sensible, appropriate
ладтöм / ladtöm = useless, dumb
лапыд / lapyd = humid, wet, moist
лёк / lёk = bad, evil, angry
личыд / ličyd = weak, faint; free, spacious; generous
ловъя / lov"ja = living, alive
лöз / löz = blue
лöнь / lön' = quiet, calm
- лöнь поводдя / lön' povoddja = calm weather
лöсьыд / lös'yd = beautiful, appealing, pleasant, good
лукав / lukav = stubborn
лунвывса / lunvyvsa = south- , southern
лунея / luneja = day- , daily
лэчыд / lèčyd = sharp, abrupt
лякöсь / ljakös' = dirty
ляпкыд / ljapkyd = low, short; small, fine; shallow

м / m

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майбыр / majbyr = happy, fortunate (счастливый)
матiса / matìsa = close
медшöр / medšör = main, head-, major
- медшöр бюро / medšör bjuro = head office
- медшöр мог / medšör mog = main task
мича / miča = beautiful, attractive
- мича гöлöс / miča gölös = beautiful voice
- мича лун / miča lun = beautiful (/sunny) day
мольыд / mol'yd = smooth
мувывса / muvyvsa = terrestrial; field-
- мувывса уджъяс / muvyvsa udž"jas = (agricultural / farm) field work
- мувывса транспорт / muvyvsa transport = land transportation, overland transport
мудер / muder = clever
мукöд / muköd = other, different, some; rest
муса / musa = nice
мыжа / myža = guilty

н / n

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надз / nadz = sluggish, slow
небыд / nebyd = soft, mild, gentle; loose
- небыд тöв / nebyd töv = mild wind
негырысь / negyrys' = modest, fine, small
неыджыд / neydžyd = not big; small
- неыджыд кар / neydžyd kar = small town
нор / nor = sad
нöгыль / nögyl' = thick, dense
ныж / nyž = blunt
- ныж пурт / nyž purt = blunt knife
нэр / nèr = weak; immature
нюдз / njudz = flexible, supple
нютöсь / njutös' = muddy
няйт / njajt = dirty

о / o

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овтöм / ovtöm = empty, uninhabited
- овтöм дук / ovtöm duk = empty mind
- овтöм му / ovtöm mu = uninhabited land
озыр / ozyr = rich
ойöса / ojösa = strong, powerful; healthy
олысь / olys' = living
омöль / omöl' = bad, evil, wrong; ugly
ортсыса / ortsysa = external; outer-
орчча / orčča = adjacent, neighbouring; nearby
- орчча керка / orčča kerka = neighbouring house
ота / ota = wide, broad
- ота туй / ota tuj = wide road
оттöм / ottöm = narrow
- оттöм туй / ottöm tuj = narrow road

ö / ö

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öнтайся / öntajsja = recent, latest
öталягъя / ötaljag"ja = rare; uneven
öтка / ötka = lonely; only, sole
öткодь / ötkod' = identical, equal
öткузя / ötkuzja = even, straight
öтторйöн / öttorjön = whole, entire
öтувъя / ötuv"ja = general, shared, common

п / p

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пармаса / parmasa = forest-,
паськöма / pas'köma = dressed, clothed
паськыд / pas'kyd = broad, wide
- паськыд туй / pas'kyd tuj = wide road
- паськыд ю / pas'kyd ju = wide river
пельк / pel'k = clever, smart; crafty
пельтöм / pel'töm = deaf
пемыд / pemyd = dark
- пемыд вöр / pemyd vör = dark forest
песласян / peslasjan = washing-, laundry-
повтöм / povtöm = fearless, courageous
пожöм / požöm = pine-
- пожöм вöр / požöm vör = pine forest
позьтöм / poz'töm = impossible
помса / pomsa = farthest, utter
поснi / posnì = little, small, shallow
пöдса / pödsa = closed
пöлöс / pölös = curved, crooked
пöрысь / pörys' = old
- пöрысь морт / pörys' mort = old man
- пöрысь нывбаба / pörys' nyvbaba = old woman
пöсь / pös' = hot
- пöсь ва / pös' va = hot water
пöт / pöt = sated, full (with food)
пу / pu = wooden
- пу керка / pu kerka = wooden house

p / r

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рам / ram = meek, humble, gentle, mild
розьöсь / roz'ös' = torn, ragged
роч / roč = Russian
- роч кыв / roč kyv = Russian language
роч(му)(са) / roč(mu)(sa) = Russia(n) (lit. Russian land; referring to the country)
- Роч(му) Федерация / Roč(mu) Federacija = Russian federation
- Рочмуса шайт / Ročmusa šajt = Russian ruble
рöшкыд / röškyd = fragile, brittle, delicate
руа / rua = misty
руд / rud = grey
рыж / ryž = weak, fragile
рытъя / ryt"ja = evening-
рытыв / rytyv = western, westerly
- рытыв тöв / rytyv töv = westerly wind
рытыв-вой / rytyv-voj = north-western, north-westerly
- рытыв-вой тöв / rytyv-voj töv = north-westerly wind
рытыв-лун / rytyv-lun = south-western, south-westerly

c / s

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свежöй / svežöj = fresh
семъяа / sem"jaa = family-
серöй / seröj = grey
сёрся / sёrsja = late
сиктса / siktsa = village-, rural
синтöм / sintöm = blind
сiм / sìm = rusty
скöр / skör = angry; malicious, mean
сола / sola = salt-, salty
сотчан / sotčan = burning, to be on fire
статя / statja = well-proportioned
сук / suk = dense, thick; steep; frequent
сыв / syv = melted, partly melted
- сыв лым = (partly) melted snow
сыла / syla = fatty, greasy
сьöд / s'öd = black; dirty
сьöдлöз / s'ödlöz = (very) dark blue
сьöкыд / s'ökyd = heavy; difficult

т / t

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талунся / talunsja = today's
- талунся газета / talunsja gazeta = today's newspaper
татчöс / tatčös = local
- татчöс олысъяс / tatčös olys"jas = local inhabitants
том / tom = young
топыд / topyd = thick, dense, firm
тошка / toška = bearded
тоштöм / toštöm = beardless
тöвся / tövsja = winter-
тöдса / tödsa = known
тöдтöм / tödtöm = unknown
тöдчан / tödčan = noticeable, remarkable, perceptible
тöдчытöм / tödčytöm = invisible
тöла / töla = windy
- тöла поводдя / töla povoddja = windy weather
тöлыся / tölysja = moon-, lunar
тöрыт / töryt = yesterday's
тувсов / tuvsov = spring-
турунвиж / turunviž = green, grass-coloured
туяна / tujana = capable, competent, efficient, sensible
тшап / tšap = important; proud
тшем / tšem = thick, dense
тшöг / tšög = thick
тшöкыд / tšökyd = frequent, dense
тшöтшыд / tšötšyd = blunt, even
тшыг / tšyg = hungry
тыдавтöм / tydavtöm = invisible, imperceptible
тыдалан / tydalan = visible
тырмöтöм / tyrmötöm = insufficient
тыртöм / tyrtöm = empty
тэрыб / tèryb = fast, quick, swift

у / u

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улi / ulì = lower, bottom-
уль / ul' = wet, damp

ф / f

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финн, суоми / finn, suomi = Finnish
- финн кыв, суоми кыв / finn kyv, suomi kyv = Finnish language
финн-угор, финн-йöрга / finn-ugor, finn-jögra = Finno-Ugric

х / h

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--

ц / c

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--

ч / č

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чарöг / čarög = (very) dry
чергöдöм / čergödöm = miserable
чийöб / čijöb = small, fragile, brittle
чикля / čiklja = dirty
чикыш-кокыш / čikyš-kokyš = restless, uneasy; careless, flighty
чир / čir = big, large
чоман / čoman = lame; ill, sick
чочкöм / čočköm = quick, fast, swift
чöв / čöv = quiet, calm, silent
- чöв вой / čöv voj = silent night
- чöв сёрни / čöv sёrni = silent conversation
чöскыд / čöskyd = delicious
чужан / čužan = native, home-
- чужан кар / čužan kar = hometown
чукыша / čukyša = chubby, plump
чуркöс / čurkös = steep, high
чусыд / čusyd = dim, faint, pale

ш / š

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шав / šav = light (weather-related), soft
шань / šan' = polite, courteous, modest, unpretentious
швичкан / švičkan = sharp, sudden
шлюн / šljun = sloping, inclined
шогмана / šogmana = suitable, valid, appropriate
шогсян / šogsjan = sad, sorrowful
шодъя / šod"ja = free, independent
шома / šoma = sour
шондiа / šondìa = sunny
- шондiа лун / šondìa lun = sunny day
шоныд / šonyd = warm
- шоныд поводдя / šonyd povoddja = warm weather
шоч / šoč = rare
шöриа / šöria = general, joint, combined
шöрпöлöс / šörpölös = middle
шöрса / šörsa = middle
шöръя / šör"ja = middle (referring to time)
шуда / šuda = happy, joyous
шуйга / šujga = left (left hand)
шуркъялана / šurk"jalana = quick,fast
шурыд / šuryd = agile, quick
шуштöм / šuštöm = boring, uninteresting
шыа / šya = resonant; reounding
шыльыд / šyl'yd = even

щ / šč

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ы / y

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ывлавывса / yvlavyvsa = outdoor-, street-; natural
ылiса / ylìsa = far, distant, far away
ырган / yrgan = blowing
ыръяна / yr"jana = obstinate, stubborn

э / è

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эбöса / èbösa = strong, powerful
эбöстöм / èböstöm = weak, powerless
эжа / èža = fat, thick, gross, bulky
эжöда / èžöda = roofed, indoor
эзысь / èzys' = silver
эльтчана / èl'tčana = bad
элясана / èljasana = sorrowful, unhappy
эма / èma = rich
эндöс / èndös = carefree
эст / èst = Estonian
- эст кыв / èst kyv = Estonian language
этштöм / ètštöm = impolite
эштöдтöм / èštödtöm = unfinished
эштöм / èštöm = finished

ю / ju

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юан / juan = (for) drinking
- юан ва / juan va = drinking water
югыд / jugyd = bright, light
югыдвиж / jugydviž = light green
югыдлöз / jugydlöz = light blue
югыдруд / jugydrud = light grey
юдорса / judorsa = river-, by a river
- юдорса кар / judorsa kar = town by the river
юмов / jumov = sweet
юра-садя / jura-sadja = reasonable, clever, intelligent
юркарса / jurkarsa = capital (city)-
юрситöм / jursitöm = bald, hairless
юртöм / jurtöm = headless
юса / jusa = river-

я / ja

► Show Spoiler

ягса / jagsa = forest
ядрен / jadren = strong, healthy
янаса / janasa = separate, specific
яр / jar = bright, shining

Sources: 1 2 3 4

For comparisons with other Uralic languages:
Links to threads by language
Links to threads / posts by topic

[h34]

Numerals

- Cardinal numbers // ordinal numbers

1 öти, öтик / öti, ötik // медводдза / medvoddza
2 кык / kyk // мöд / möd
3 куим / kuim // коймöд / kojmöd

From 4 onwards, the ordinal numbers are formed regularly (cardinal number + -öд / -öd)

4 нёль / nёl'
5 вит / vit
6 квайт / kvajt
7 сизим / sizim
8 кöкъямыс / kök"jamys
9 öкмыс / ökmys

10 дас / das
20 кызь / kyz'
30 комын / komyn
40 нелямын / neljamyn
50 ветымын / vetymyn
60 квайтымын / kvajtymyn
70 сизимдас / sizimdas
80 кöкъямысдас / kök"jamysdas
90 öкмысдас / ökmysdas

100 сё / sё
200 кыксё / kyksё
300 куимсё / kuimsё
400 нёльсё / nёl'sё
...

1000 сюрс / sjurs

11 дас öти / das öti
12 дас кык / das kyk
13 дас куим / das kuim
...

21 кызь öти / kyz' öti
22 кызь кык / kyz' kyk
23 кызь куим / kyz' kuim
...

Numerals in other Uralic languages

[h34]

Pronouns

- Personal pronouns

NOM / nominative / именительный
s1 ме / me
s2 тэ / te
s3 сiйö / sijö
p1 ми /mi
p2 тi / ti
p3 найö / najö

Declension:

► Show Spoiler

GEN / genitive / родительный
s1 менам / menam
s2 тэнад / tenad
s3 сылöн / sylön
p1 миян / mijan
p2 тiян / tijan
p3 налöн / nalön

ABL / ablative / притяжательный
s1 менсьым / mens'ym
s2 тэнсьыд / tens'yd
s3 сылысь / sylys'
p1 миянлысь / mijanlys'
p2 тiянлысь / tijanlys'
p3 налысь / nalys'

DAT / dative / дательный
s1 ме(ны)м / me(ny)m
s2 тэ(ны)д / te(ny)d
s3 сылы / syly
p1 миянлы / mijanly
p2 тiянлы / tijanly
p3 налы / naly

ACC / accusative / винительный
s1 менö / menö
s2 тэнö / tenö
s3 сiйöс / sijös
p1 миянöс / mijanös
p2 тiянöс / tijanös
p3 найöс / najös

INS / instrumentalis / творительный
s1 меöн / meön
s2 тэöн / teön
s3 сыöн / syön
p1 миянöн / mijanön
p2 тiянöн / tijanön
p3 наöн / naön

COM / comitative / соединительный
s1 мекöд / meköd
s2 тэкöд / teköd
s3 сыкöд / syköd
p1 миянкöд / mijanköd
p2 тiянкöд / tijanköd
p3 накöд / naköd

ABE / abessive / лишительный
s1 метöг / metög
s2 тэтöг / tetög
s3 сытöг / sytög
p1 миянтöг / mijantög
p2 тiянтöг / tijantög
p3 натöг / natög

CAU / causative / достигательный
s1 мела / mela
s2 тэла / tela
s3 сыла / syla
p1 миянла / mijanla
p2 тiянла / tijanla
p3 нала / nala

INE / inessive / местный
s1 меын / meyn
s2 тэын / teyn
s3 сыын / syyn
p1 миянын / mijanyn
p2 тiянын / tijanyn
p3 наын / nayn

ELA / elative / исходный
s1 меысь / meys'
s2 тэысь / teys'
s3 сыысь / syys'
p1 миянысь / mijanys'
p2 тiянысь / tijanys'
p3 наысь / nays'

ILL / illative / вступительный
s1 (меö) / (meö)
s2 (тэö) / (teö)
s3 (сыö) / (syö)
p1 миянö / mijanö
p2 тiянö / tijanö
p3 найöясö / najöjasö

APP / approximative / приблизительный
s1 мелань / melan'
s2 тэлань / telan'
s3 сылань / sylan'
p1 миянлань / mijanlan'
p2 тiянлань / tijanlan'
p3 налань / nalan'

EGR / egressive / отдалительный
s1 месянь / mesjan'
s2 тэсянь / tesjan'
s3 сысянь / sysjan'
p1 миянсянь / mijansjan'
p2 тiянсянь / tijansjan'
p3 насянь / nasjan'

PRO / prolative / переходный
s1 (меöд, метi / meöd, meti)
s2 (тэöд, тэтi / teöd, teti)
s3 (сыöд, сытi / syöd, syti)
p1 (миянöд, миянтi / mijanöd, mijanti)
p2 (тiянöд, тiянтi / tijanöd, tijanti)
p3 (наöд, натi / naöd, nati)

TER / terminative / предельный
s1 меöдз / meödz
s2 тэöдз / teödz
s3 сыöдз / syödz
p1 миянöдз / mijanödz
p2 тiянöдз / tijanödz
p3 наöдз / naödz

Personal pronouns in other Uralic languages



- Emphasized pronouns

These pronouns can sometimes be translated as 'I […] myself', 'you […] yourself' etc or Russian 'я сам', 'ты сам', …

NOM / nominative / именительный
s1 ачым / ačym
s2 ачыд / ačyd
s3 ачыс / ačys
p1 асьным / as'nym
p2 асьныд / as'nyd
p3 асьныс / as'nys

Example: Сiйö ачыс тöдö / Sijö ačys tödö = (S)he knows (it) himself (/herself).

Declension:

► Show Spoiler

- Interrogative pronouns

код, кодi / kod, kodi = who?
мый / myj = what?
кутшöм / kutšöm = what kind of?
мыйсяма / myjsjama = what (kind of)?
кымын / kymyn = how much, how many?
кымынöд / kymynöd = which?


- Negative pronouns

некод / nekod = nobody
нинöм / ninöm = nothing


- Indefinite pronouns


- Possessive pronouns


- Demonstrative pronouns

[h34]

Verbs

- Conjugation of the verb 'to be'

вöвны / vövny = to be

(Stem-final -в / -v alternating with -л- / -l-)

s1 ме эм / me èm = I am*
s2 тэ эм / tè èm = you are*
s3 сiйö эм / sìjö èm = he, she, it is*
p1 ми эмöсь / mi èmös' = we are*
p2 тi эмöсь / tì èmös' = you are*
p3 найö эмöсь / najö èmös' = they are*

s1 ме абу / me abu = I am not
s2 тэ абу / tè abu = you are not
s3 сiйö абу / sìjö abu = he, she, it is not
p1 ми абуöсь / mi abuös' = we are not
p2 тi абуöсь / tì abuös' = you are not
p3 найö абуöсь / najö abuös' = they are not

s1 ме волi / me volì = I was
s2 тэ вöлiн / tè völìn = you were
s3 сiйö вöлi / sìjö völì = he, she, it was
p1 ми вöлiм / mi völìm = we were
p2 тi вöлiнныд / tì völìnnyd = you were
p3 найö вöлiны / najö völìny = they were

* In the present tense, the copula is usually omitted but can be used for emphasis, e.g.:

Кодi танi эм?
Kodì tanì èm?
= Who is here?

Сiйö талун эм?
Sìjö talun èm?
= Is (s)he here today?

for comparisons

[h34]

- Conjugation

-- Infinitive suffix

Always -ны / -ny.

мун- / mun- = go (stem)
мун-ны / mun-ny = to go (infinitive)

After some consonants, -ы- / -y- is inserted.

вунд- / vund- = cut (stem)
вунд-ы-ны / vund-y-ny = to cut (inf.)

The infinitive minus the suffix is the stem for all other verb forms.

мун-ны / mun-ny = to go (inf.)
сiйö мун-ö / sìjö mun-ö = (s)he goes

As usual, -л- / -l- changes to -в- / -v whenever it is not followed by a vowel.

ол- / ol- = live (stem)
ов-ны / ov-ny = to live (inf.)
ол-ан / ol-an = you live

The inserted -ы- / -y- after consonants is deleted before other suffixes but preserved in the 2nd person singular imperative.

пуксь- / puks'- = sit down (stem)
пуксь-ы-ны / puks'-y-ny = to sit down (inf.)
пуксь-ы / puks'-y = sit down! (s2 imp.)

-- Present tense suffixes

s1 -а / -a
s2 -ан / -an
s3 -ö / -ö
p1 -ам / -am
p2 -анныд / -annyd
p3 -öны / -öny

-- Future tense suffixes

s1 = present tense
s2 = present tense
s3 -ас / -as
p1 = present tense
p2 = present tense
p3 -асны / -asny

-- 1st past tense suffixes

s1 -и, -i / -i , -ì
s2 -ин, -iн / -in / -ìn
s3 -ис, -iс / -is, -ìs
p1 -им, -iм / -im, -ìm
p2 -инныд, -iнныд / -innyd, -ìnnyd
p3 -исны, -iсны / -isny, -ìsny

-- 2nd past tense suffixes

s1 (-öма /-öma)
s2 -öмыд /-ömyd
s3 -öма /-öma
p1 (-öма /-öma)
p2 -öмныд /-ömnyd
p3 -öмаöсь /-ömaös'

The 2nd past tense is used to describe a situation in the past which the speaker didn't witness or observe personally. It is rarely used in the 1st person.

-- Present tense, negated

s1 ог / og + stem
s2 он / on + stem
s3 оз / oz + stem
p1 огö / ogö + stem + -öй / -öj
p2 онö / onö + stem + -öй / -öj
p3 оз / oz + stem + -ны / -ny

-- 1st past tense, negated

s1 эг / èg + stem
s2 эн / èn + stem
s3 эз / èz + stem
p1 эгö / ègö + stem + -öй / -öj
p2 энö / ènö + stem + -öй / -öj
p3 эз / èz + stem + -ны / -ny

-- Imperative

s2 infinitive minus -ны / -ny
p2 -öй / -öj

- Some common verbs

аддзыны / addzyny = see
артавны / artavny = consider, calculate
аттьöавны / att'öavny = thank

беддявны / beddjavny = beat
бергавны / bergavny = return, turn round
биавны, биасьны / biavny, bias'ny = light (a fire), switch on (a light)
босьтны / bos'tny = take
бöрйысьны / börjys'ny = choose
быдмыны / bydmyny = grow (intransitive)
быдтыны / bydtyny = grow (transitive)
бырны / byrny = finish (intransitive), come to an end

вайны / vajny = bring (perfective)
вартчыны / vartčyny = swim
ваявны / vajavny = bring (imperfective)

[h34]

Parts of the body

юр / jur = head
юрси / jursi = hair
кымöс плеш / kymös pleš = forehead
пель пöв / pel' pöv = ear
син пöв / sin pöv = eye
синкым / sinkym = eyebrow
синлыс / sinlys = eyelashes
бан бок / ban bok = cheek
бандзиб / bandzib = cheekbone
тшöка / tšöka = chin
вом дор / vom dor = lip
пинь / pin' = tooth
чужöм / čužöm = face
вом / vom = mouth
ныр / nyr = nose
сьылi / s'ylì = neck
голя / golja = throat
морöс / morös = breast, chest
пельпом / pel'pom = shoulder
сой / soj = arm
ки / ki = hand
кимыш, килутш / kimyš, kilutš = palm
гырддза / gyrddza = elbow
чунь / čun' = finger
пев / pev = thumb
водз чунь / vodz čun' = index finger
шöр чунь / šör čun' = middle finger
нимтöм чунь / nimtöm čun' = ring finger
чаль чунь / čal' čun' = pinky, little finger
гыж / gyž = nail
кок / kok = leg
кок пыдöс / kok pydös = foot
пидзöс / pidzös = knee
коклябöр / kokljabör = heel
кок пöк / kok pök = calf
кок чунь / kok čun' = toe
гырк / gyrk = guts
сöн / sön = vein
сьöлöм / s'ölöm = heart
ты / ty = lungs
лоп / lop = spleen
мус / mus = liver
сюв / sjuv = intestine
рушку (гырк) / rušku (gyrk) = stomach
кынöм рушку / kynöm rušku = belly, abdomen
сöп / söp = gallbladder
вöрк / vörk = kidneys
сюрса / sjursa = spine, backbone
вир / vir = blood
кучик / kučik = skin
мыш / myš = back
ордлы / ordly = rib

for comparisons

^

[h34]

Vegetation

быдмöг(ъяс) / bydmög("jas) = vegetation
тундра / tundra = tundra
тайга, парма / tajga, parma = taiga
вöр / vör = forest
лыска вöр / lyska vör = coniferous forest
коръя вöр / kor"ja vör = deciduous forest
пу / pu = tree
лыска пу / lyska pu = coniferous tree
коръя пу / kor"ja pu = deciduous tree
кыдз / kydz = birch
пожöм / požöm = pine
коз / koz = fir, spruce
тупу / tupu = oak
бадь / vad' = willow
пипу / pipu = aspen
пелысь / pelys' = mountain ash, rowan
клён / klёn (= ru) = maple
льöм / l'öm = bird cherry (prunus padus)
ловпу / lovpu = alder
яблöг (пу) / jablög (pu) = apple tree
ниа / nia = larch
сус / sus = cedar
черешня / čerešnja (= ru) = cherry tree
куст / kust = shrub, bush
тусь / tus' = berry
пув / puv = lingonberry, cowberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea)
турипув / turipuv = cranberry (oxycoccus)
понпир, пончöд / ponpir, pončöd = crowberry
сэтöр / sėtör = currant
турун / turun = grass
дзоридз / dzoridz = flower
вуж / vuž = root
вож, ув / vož, uv = branch
чаль / čal' = twig
кор / kor = leaf
коль / kol' = cone
тшак / tšak = mushroom

for comparisons

^

[h34]

Bodies of water

öшмöс / öšmös = spring, well
шор / šor = stream
ю / ju = river
ю ворга / ju vorga = river bed
юдор / judor = river bank
ты / ty = lake
ю-ты / ju-ty = pond, reservoir ('river-lake')
бузган / buzgan = waterfall
ю вам / ju vam = river mouth
вадор / vador = shore, coast ('water bank')
куръя / kur"ja = bay, gulf
саридз / saridz = sea
гы / gy = wave
дi / dì = island
енэжтаc / enėžtas = horizon

for comparisons

^

[h34]

Examples of case declension of nouns

вöр / vör = forest

Singular
Plural

Nominative:
- вöр / vör
- вöръяс / vör"jas
Genitive:
- вöрлöн / vörlön
- вöръяслöн / vör"jaslön
Ablative:
- вöрлысь / vörlys'
- вöръяслысь / vör"jaslys'
Dative:
- вöрлы / vörly
- вöръяслы / vör"jasly
Accusative (1):
- вöр / vör
- вöръяс / vör"jas
Accusative (2):
- вöрöс / vörös
- вöръясöс / vör"jasös
Instrumentalis:
- вöрöн / vörön
- вöръясöн / vör"jasön
Comitative:
- вöркöд / vörköd
- вöръяскöд / vör"jasköd
Abessive:
- вöртöг / vörtög
- вöръястöг / vör"jastög
Causative:
- вöрла / vörla
- вöръясла / vör"jasla
Inessive:
- вöрын / vöryn
- вöръясын / vör"jasyn
Elative:
- вöрысь / vörys'
- вöръясысь / vör"jasys'
Illative:
- вöрö / vörö
- вöръясö / vör"jasö
Approximative:
- вöрлань / vörlan'
- вöръяслань / vör"jaslan'
Egressive:
- вöрсянь / vörsjan'
- вöръясcянь / vör"jassjan'
Prolative (1):
- вöрöд / vöröd
- вöръясöд / vör"jasöd
Prolative (2):
- вöртi / vörtì
- вöръястi / vör"jastì
Terminative:
- вöрöдз / vörödz
- вöръясöдз / vör"jasödz

for comparison

^

[h34]

Weather
Sources: 1 2 3

поводдя / povoddja
= weather
бур / bur
= good, nice, fine
бур поводдя / bur povoddja
= nice weather, fine weather
Талун лоö бур поводдя. / Talun loö bur povoddja.
= Today the weather is going to be fine.
шондi / šondi
= sun
шондiа / šondia
= sunny
кос / kos
= dry
пöльтны / pöl'tny
= to blow
тöв / töv
= wind
небыдик тöв / nebydik töv
= light wind
Пöльтö небыдик тöв. / Pöl'tö nebydik töv.
= A light wind is blowing
ыджыд тöв, вына тöв / ydžyd töv, vyna töv
= strong wind
Пöльтö вына тöв. / Pöl'tö vyna töv.
= A strong wind is blowing.
сьыв / s'yv
= storm
гым-чард / gym-čard
= thunderstorm
ру / ru
= fog
сук ру / suk ru
= dense fog
зер / zer
= rain
зера / zera
= rainy
зерö / zerö
= it is raining, it rains
тöв / töv
= wind
кöдзыд / ködzyd
= it is cold
лым / lym
= snow
лымъялö / lym"jalö
= it is snowing
лымъя сьыв / lym"ja s'yv
= snowstorm
турöб / turöb
= blizzard

for comparison

^

[h34]

Time-related expressions

кад / kad
= time
Тi удытанныд? / Tì udytannyd?
= Do you (plural/polite) have time?
Тiян эм кадыс? / Tìjan èm kadys?
= Do you have time?
Да, менам эм кадыс. / Da, menam èm kadys.
= Yes, I have time.
Ме удыта. / Me udyta.
= Yes, I have time.
Ме ог удыт. / Me og udyt.
= I don't have time.
Кадыс абу. / Kadys abu.
= I don't have time.
= lit.: There is no time.
Тi тэрмасянныд? / Tì tèrmasjannyd?
= Are you in a hurry?
Да, ме тэрмася. / Da, me tèrmasja.
= Yes, I am in a hurry.
Водз на. / Vodz na.
= It is still early.
Сёр нин. / Sёr nin.
= It is already late.
Ме локта дзик пыр. / Me lokta dzik pyr.
= I'm coming now.
Ме локта пырысь-пыр. / Me lokta pyrys'-pyr.
= I'm coming now.
дзик пыр / dzik pyr
= just now, right now
буретш / buretš
= just now, right now
муртса на / murtsa na
= just now, right now
öнi / önì
= now
Эг ас кадö. / Èg as kadö.
= I'm not on time.
Эн ас кадö. / Èn as kadö.
= You (sg) are not on time.
Эз ас кадö. /Èz as kadö.
= (S)he is not on time.
сы кадö / sy kadö
= at that time
мöдысь / mödys'
= at another time
тшöкыда / tšökyda
= often
шоча / šoča
= rarely
корсюрö / korsjurö
= rarely
пыр / pyr
= always
век / vek
= always
некор / nekor
= never

aсывнас / asyvnas
= in the morning
öбедöдз / öbedödz
= before lunch(time)
öбед дырйи / öbed dyrij
= at lunch(time)
öбед бöрын / öbed böryn
= after lunch(time)
луннас / lunnas
= during the day
лун шöрöдз / lun šörödz
= before midday, a.m.
лун шöрын / lun šöryn
= at midday
лун шöр бöрын / lun šör böryn
= in the afternoon
рытнас / rytnas
= in the evening
войнас / vojnas
= at night

Уна-ö кадыс? / Una-ö kadys?
= What time is it?
= lit. How much time?
Кымын час? / Kymyn čas?
= What time is it?
= lit.: What/which hour?
Первой вылö джын. / Pervoj vylö džyn.
= Half past twelve.
= lit.: Half on (/into) the first (hour).
Дас кык час да джын. / Das kyk čas da džyn.
= Half past twelve.
= lit.: Twelve hour and half.
Коймöд вылö джын. / Kojmöd vylö džyn.
= Half past two.
= lit.: Half on (/into) the third (hour).
Вит минуттöм кык. / Vit minuttöm kyk.
= Five minutes to two.
= lit.: Without five minutes two.
Дас минут коймöд вылö. / Das minut kojmöd vylö.
= Ten past two.
= lit.: Ten minutes on (/into) the third (hour).
Кор заводитчас? / Kor zavoditčas?
= When does (it) begin?
Кымын часын помасьö? / Kymyn časyn pomas'ö?
= When (/What time) does (it) end?
Кымын часын помасяс? / Kymyn časyn pomasjas?
= When (/What time) does (it) end?
öти минут / öti minut
= one minute
некымын минут / nekymyn minut
= a couple of (/a few) minutes
некымын час / nekymyn čas
= a couple of (/a few) hours

кык лун / kyk lun
= two days

дыр / dyr
= long (temporal)
недыр / nedyr
= not long, short (temporal)

Кымын лун Тi оланныд танi? / Kymyn lun Tì olannyd tanì?
= How many days are you here for?
дас лун / das lun
= ten days

Талун мый луныс? / Talun myj lunys?
= What's today's date?
= lit.: Today what day?
Талун кутшöм луныс? / Talun kutšöm lunys?
= What's today's date?
= lit.: Today which (/what kind of) day?

Талун выльлун. / Talun vyl'lun.
= Today is Monday.
Талун воторник. / Talun votornik.
= Today is Tuesday.
Талун серöда. / Talun seröda.
= Today is Wednesday.
Талун четверг. / Talun četverg.
= Today is Thursday.
Талун пекнича. / Talun pekniča.
= Today is Friday.
Талун субöта. / Talun suböta.
= Today is Saturday.
Талун вöскресенньö. / Talun vöskresenn'ö.
= Today is Sunday.

тöрыт / töryt
= yesterday
войдöрлун / vojdörlun
= the day before yesterday
аски / aski
= tomorrow
аскомысь / askomys'
= the day after tomorrow
некымын лун сайын / nekymyn lun sajyn
= some (/a couple of) days ago

войков / vojkov
= day
(midnight to midnight; ru 'сутки', fi 'vuorokausi')

тайö вежонас / tajö vežonas
= (in the course of) this week
локтан вежонас / loktan vežonas
= (in the course of) next week
тайö тöлысяс / tajö tölysjas
= (in the course of) this month
колян тöлысяс / koljan tölysjas
= (in the course of) last month
локтан тöлысяс / loktan tölysjas
= (in the course of) next month

Талун кутшöм числöыс? / Talun kutšöm čislöys?
= What's today's date?
Талун кык сюрс дас кыкöд вося тöвшöр тöлысь витöд лун. / Talun kyk sjurs das kyköd vosja tövšör tölys' vitöd lun.
= Today is 5 January (/January 5) 2012. Lit.: Today (is the) 2012th year's midwinter month's fifth day.

Выль во / Vyl' vo
= New Year
таво / tavo
= this year
= (in the course of) this year
мöйму / möjmu
= (in the course of) last year
локтан воö / loktan voö
= (in the course of the) next year
Ме ола танi во. / Me ola tanì vo.
= I've been living here for a year.
= lit.: I live here (a) year.
кык во сайын / kyk vo sajyn
= two years ago
во мысти / vo mysti
= in a year
кык во мысти / kyk vo mysti
= in two year's
во помын / vo pomyn
= at the end of the year

тулыс / tulys
= spring
тулысын / tulysyn
= in spring
гожöм / gožöm
= summer
гожöмын / gožömyn
= in summer
ар / ar
= autumn
арын / aryn
= in autumn

кызь öтикöд нэм / kyz' ötiköd nèm
= (the) 21st century

тöв шöр, тöвшöр / töv šör, tövšör
= January
= lit. midwinter
урасьöм / uras'öm
= February
рака тöлысь / raka tölys'
= March
кос му тöлысь / kos mu tölys'
= April
= lit. dry soil month (?)
ода-кора тöлысь / oda-kora tölys'
= May
лöддза-номъя / löddza-nom"ja
= June
сора / sora
= July
моз / moz
= August
кöч / köč
= September
йирым / jirym
= October, lit. cold wind
вöльгым / völ'gym
= November
öшым / öšym
= December

for comparison

^

[h34]

Declension of the verbs овны (to live) and локны (to come)

Infinitive:
ов·ны ov·ny = to live
лок·ны lok·ny= to come

Stem:
ол- ol- before vowels
ов- ov- otherwise
локт- lokt- before vowels
лок- lok- otherwise

Present tense, affirmative:
s1 ол·а ol·a
s2 ол·ан ol·an
s3 ол·ö ol·ö
p1 ол·ам ol·am
p2 ол·анныд ol·annyd
p3 ол·öны ol·öny
s1 локт·а lokt·a
s2 локт·ан lokt·an
s3 локт·ö lokt·ö
p1 локт·ам lokt·am
p2 локт·анныд lokt·annyd
p3 локт·öны lokt·öny

Present tense, negative:
s1 ог ов og ov
s2 он ов on ov
s3 оз ов oz ov
p1 огö ол·öй ogö ol·öj
p2 онö ол·öй onö ol·öj
p3 оз ов·ны oz ov·ny
s1 ог лок og lok
s2 он лок on lok
s3 оз лок oz lok
p1 огö локт·öй ogö lokt·öj
p2 онö локт·öй onö lokt·öj
p3 оз лок·ны oz lok·ny

Future tense, affirmative:
s3 ол·ас ol·as
p3 ол·асны ol·asny
s3 локт·ас lokt·as
p3 локт·асны lokt·asny
(Otherwise identical with the present tense.)

Future tense, negative:
(All forms identical with the present tense.)

Preterite I (indicative), affirmative:
s1 ол·i ol·i
s2 ол·iн ol·in
s3 ол·iс ol·is
p1 ол·iм ol·im
p2 ол·iнныд ol·innyd
p3 ол·iсны ol·isny
s1 локт·i lokt·i
s2 локт·iн lokt·in
s3 локт·iс lokt·is
p1 локт·iм lokt·im
p2 локт·iнныд lokt·innyd
p3 локт·iсны lokt·isny

Preterite I (indicative), negative:
s1 эг ов èg ov
s2 эн ов èn ov
s3 эз ов èz ov
p1 эгö ол·öй ègö ol·öj
p2 энö ол·öй ènö ol·öj
p3 эз ов·ны èz ov·ny
s1 эг лок èg lok
s2 эн лок èn lok
s3 эз лок èz lok
p1 эгö локт·öй ègö lokt·öj
p2 энö локт·öй ènö lokt·öj
p3 эз лок·ны èz lok·ny

Preterite II (non-witnessed), affirmative:
s1 --
s2 ол·öмыд ol·ömyd
s3 ол·öма ol·öma
p1 --
p2 ол·öмныд ol·ömnyd
p3 ол·öмаöсь ol·ömaös'
s1 --
s2 локт·öмыд lokt·ömyd
s3 локт·öма lokt·öma
p1 --
p2 локт·öмныд lokt·ömnyd
p3 локт·öмаöсь lokt·ömaös'

Preterite II (non-witnessed), negative:
s1 --
s2 абу ол·öмыд abu ol·ömyd
s3 абу ол·öма abu ol·öma
p1 --
p2 абу ол·öмныд abu ol·ömnyd
p3 абу ол·öмаöсь abu ol·ömaös'
s1 --
s2 абу локт·öмыд abu lokt·ömyd
s3 абу локт·öма abu lokt·öma
p1 --
p2 абу локт·öмныд abu lokt·ömnyd
p3 абу локт·öмаöсь abu lokt·ömaös'

Imperative, affirmative:
s2 ов ov
p2 ол·öй ol·öj
s2 лок lok
p2 локт·öй lokt·öj

Imperative, negative:
s2 эн ов èn ov
p2 энö ол·öй ènö ol·öj
s2 эн лок èn lok
p2 энö локт·öй ènö lokt·öj

for comparison

^

[h34]

Conversational phrases

Чолöм! = Hi!
Видза олан! = Hello! (singular, informal)
Видза оланныд! = Hello! (plural or/and formal)
- видза < видзны = to take care
- олан = you live (2nd person singular)
- оланныд = you live (2nd person plural)
Бур асыв! = Good morning!
- бур = good
- асыв = morning
Бур лун! = Good morning/day/afternoon!
- лун = day
Бур рыт! = Good evening!
- рыт = evening
Бур вой! = Good night!
- вой = night
Бура узьны! = Good night! (Sleep well!)
- бура = well (adverb) < бур (adjective)
- узьны = to sleep
Став бурсö! = Bye-bye! / All the best!
- став = everything, all
- бурсö = (the) good (accusative)
Аддзысьлытöдз! = Goodbye! / See you soon!
- аддзысьлыны = to see/meet (each other)
Бур туй! = Bon voyage! / Have a nice trip!
- туй = road, way

Аттьö = Thank you!
Нинöмысь! = You're welcome! (replying to "thank you")
- нинöм = nothing

Уна-ö сулалö = How much does it cost?
- уна = much
- ö = interrogative particle
- сулал- < сулавны = to cost

асмогасянiн = toilet
лавка = store
автобуслöн сувтланiныс = bus stop

Тэ сёрнитан комиöн? = Do you speak Komi? (sg/inform)
Тi сёрнитанныд комиöн? = Do you speak Komi? (pl/form)
- тэ = you, 2nd singular, informal
- тi = you, 2nd plural
- сёрнитан(ныд) < сёрнитны = to speak
коми кыв = Komi language
- кыв = language
роч кыв = Russian language
удмурт кыв = Udmurt language
саами кыв = Saami language
суоми кыв, финн кыв = Finnish language
эстон кыв = Estonian language
татар кыв = Tatar language
англичан кыв = English language
франсуз кыв = French language
немеч кыв = German language
Ме ог гöгöрво. / Oг гöгöрво. = I don't understand.
- ог = I don't
- гöгöрво < гöгöрвоны = to understand

Мый тэнад нимыд? = What's your name? (sg/inform)
Мый Тiян нимыд? = What's your name? (pl/form)
- мый = what
- тэнад = your (2nd sg)
- Тiян = your (2nd pl)
Менам нимöй ... = My name is ...
Тэ кöнi чужин? = Where are you from? (sg/inform)
Кöнi тэ чужин? * = Where are you from? (sg/inform)
Тi кöнi чужинныд? = Where are you from? (pl/form)
Кöнi тi чужинныд? * = Where are you from? (pl/form)

Ме ог тöд. / Oг тöд. = I don't know.

---
* This word order seems to be more common.

for comparison

^