Udmurt (удмурт кыл)

[h34]

Vuode and voodi are generally considered to be descended from Proto-Finnic *voota "hide, pelt", which is thought to be descended from Proto-Baltic (*ād- "skin", modern Latvian āda, modern Lithuanian óda). If so then in Finnic it shifted from "hide, pelt" (Finnish vuota) to "bed" (Finnish vuode, Estonian voodi) while in Saami it seems to have shifted from the "hide, pelt, skin" meaning to "leather shoe strap" (Pite vuodda) and "leather sole (of a shoe)" (Kildin вуэдт) and from there shifted further to "bottom, base [of something]" (Northern Saami vuođđu, Lule vuodo, Inari vuáđu, Skolt vuâđđ).
I posted these and a few more (and others from this same video) here.

Thanks for these explanations and for the link to the post on the "Cognates and semantic shifts" thread!

[Virankannos]

Vuode and voodi are generally considered to be descended from Proto-Finnic *voota "hide, pelt", which is thought to be descended from Proto-Baltic (*ād- "skin", modern Latvian āda, modern Lithuanian óda). If so then in Finnic it shifted from "hide, pelt" (Finnish vuota) to "bed" (Finnish vuode, Estonian voodi) while in Saami it seems to have shifted from the "hide, pelt, skin" meaning to "leather shoe strap" (Pite vuodda) and "leather sole (of a shoe)" (Kildin вуэдт) and from there shifted further to "bottom, base [of something]" (Northern Saami vuođđu, Lule vuodo, Inari vuáđu, Skolt vuâđđ).
I posted these and a few more (and others from this same video) here.

The cognate of SoS våarome ~ NoS vuođđu ~ LuS vuodo ~ InS vuáđu ~ SkS vuâđđ ~ KiS вуэдт in Pite is vuoddo 'base, bottom'. The word for shoe straps or shoelaces is a different lexeme: SoS voedtege ~ PiS vuodda ~ NoS vuotta ~ InS vuodâ ~ SkS vuõdd (< Proto-Germanic *wanduz 'rod, switch, stick; barrier made of sticks, fence')

[Linguaphile]

Vuode and voodi are generally considered to be descended from Proto-Finnic *voota "hide, pelt", which is thought to be descended from Proto-Baltic (*ād- "skin", modern Latvian āda, modern Lithuanian óda). If so then in Finnic it shifted from "hide, pelt" (Finnish vuota) to "bed" (Finnish vuode, Estonian voodi) while in Saami it seems to have shifted from the "hide, pelt, skin" meaning to "leather shoe strap" (Pite vuodda) and "leather sole (of a shoe)" (Kildin вуэдт) and from there shifted further to "bottom, base [of something]" (Northern Saami vuođđu, Lule vuodo, Inari vuáđu, Skolt vuâđđ).
I posted these and a few more (and others from this same video) here.

The cognate of SoS våarome ~ NoS vuođđu ~ LuS vuodo ~ InS vuáđu ~ SkS vuâđđ ~ KiS вуэдт in Pite is vuoddo 'base, bottom'. The word for shoe straps or shoelaces is a different lexeme: SoS voedtege ~ PiS vuodda ~ NoS vuotta ~ InS vuodâ ~ SkS vuõdd (< Proto-Germanic *wanduz 'rod, switch, stick; barrier made of sticks, fence')

Thanks!

[h34]

Yes/no questions

If a sentence doesn't contain a specific question word, the question is formed by attaching the interrogative particle -а to the part of the sentence the question refers to.

Тон¹ эмъясь-а²? Are you¹ a doctor²?
Тон-а¹ эмъясь²? Are you¹ a/the doctor²?

– Тон¹ мадьяр-а²? Are you¹ Hungarian²?
– Бен¹, мадьяр². Yes¹, (I am) Hungarian².

– Тон¹ дышетскись-а²? Are you¹ a student²?
– Ӧвӧл¹, мон² дышетскись³ ӧвӧл⁴. No¹, I² am not⁴ a student³.

The position of the interrogative particle and the word order of the sentence may vary from dialect to dialect:

Отын¹ шур² вал-а³? Was³ there¹ a river²?
~ Отын¹ вал-а² шур³? Was² there¹ a river³?
Матын-а¹ вал² шур³? Was² a/the river³ nearby¹?
~ Шур¹ матын-а² вал³? Was³ the river¹ nearby²?
Шур¹ ӧй² вал-а³ матын⁴? Was³n't² the river¹ nearby⁴?
~ Шур¹ матын² ӧй³ вал-а⁴? Was⁴n't³ the river¹ nearby²?

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[h34]

Some adjectives with antonyms

бадӟым – пичи large, big, great – small
– бадӟым бӧлет a large room
– бадӟым пыдчиньы big toe
– бадӟым гожъясьчи a great writer
– пичи бӧлет a small room

выль – вуж, вашкала new – old, ancient
– выль выж a new bridge
– выль идеяос new ideas
– выль толэзь new moon
– вуж машина an old car
– вуж картошка an old potato
– вашкала кар old town, ancient town
– вашкала грек Ancient Greek

егит, пинал – пересь, мӧйы young – old
– егит/пинал мурт a young person
– пересь мурт an old person

умой, ӟеч – урод good– bad
– умой эмъясь a good doctor
– умой малпан a good idea
– Умой аппетит! Enjoy your meal! Bon appetit!
– умой иворъёс good news
– Бур ӝытэн! Good evening!
– урод куазь bad weather
– урод качество bad quality

лякыт, ӟеч – урод good – bad, evil, malicious
– лякыд сюлэм a good (kind) heart
– лякыд пальпотон a kind smile
– ӟеч сям a good character
– урод сям a bad character

дуно – дунтэм expensive, dear – cheap
– дуно кузьымъёс expensive gifts
– дуно эше a dear friend
– дунтэм дӥськут cheap clothes
– Гуртын улыны дунтэмгес. Life/Living in the countryside is cheaper.

чебер – чебертэм, урод beautiful – ugly
– чебер йырси beautiful hair
– чебер инкуазь beautiful nature
– чебер крезьгур beautiful music
– урод корка an ugly house
– урод сям an ugly character (trait), an ugly habit

югыт, яркыт, жинг(ы)рес – пеймыт bright – dark
– югыт гужем уйёс bright summer nights
– югыт синъёс bright eyes
– жингрес куара a bright voice
– пеймыт уй a dark night
– пеймыт синъёс dark eyes

паськыт – сюбег broad, wide – narrow
– паськыт сюрес a wide road
– паськыт мынян a wide smile
– сюбег ульча a narrow street

ӝужыт – лапег tall, high – low
– ӝужыт гурезь a tall mountain
– ӝужыт куара a bright voice
– лапег ӝӧк a low table

мур – лазег deep – shallow
– мур шур a deep river
– мур ум deep sleep
– мур кризис a deep crisis
– мур куара a deep voice
– лазег шур a shallow river
– лазег ву shallow water

кузь – вакчи long – short
– кузь сюрес a long road
– кузь йырси long hair
– вакчи йырси short hair
– вакчи статья a short article
– вакчи дыр short time
– вакчи сӥзьыл нунал a short autumn day

кужмо, зол – ляб strong – weak
– кужмо егит пиосмурт a strong young man
– кужмо тӧл strong wind
– кужмо/зол куара a strong voice

шуныт – кезьыт warm – cold
– шуныт ву warm water
– шуныт куазь warm weather
– кезьыт ву cold water
– кезьыт куазь cold weather
– кезьыт тӧл cold wind

тыршись – азьтэм diligent – lazy
– тыршись муш diligent bee
– тыршись дышетскись a diligent student
– Азьтэм¹ киос² муртлэсь³ ужамзэ⁴ ярато⁵. Lazy¹ hands² love⁵ the work⁴ of others³.

дун, чылкыт – кырсь, нӧд, дэри clean, pure – dirty
– дун ву clean water
– дун-чылкыт ву clean/clear/pure water
– чылкыт зарни pure gold

лечыт – ныж sharp – blunt
– лечыт пурт a sharp knife
– ныж пурт a blunt knife

ӝог – дыртыштэм, каллен quick, fast – slow
– ӝог выросъёс quick movements
– Висисьлэн виртэтчанэз ӝог. The patient has a rapid pulse.
– дыртӥсьтэм мынон a slow movement
– каллен вальс slow waltz

зол, шара – шыпыт loud – silent
– зол куара a loud voice
– Крезьгур¹ укыр² шара³ вал⁴. The music¹ was⁴ too² loud³.
– шыпыт куара a low voice
– шыпыт тӧл a slight wind
– шыпыт шумпотон quiet joy
– шыпыт оскон ≈ silent hope, silent belief
– Малы¹ тон² туннэ³ сокем⁴ шыпыт⁵? Why¹ are you² so⁴ quiet⁵ today³?

вазь – бер early – late
– вазь ӵукна early in the morning
– Вазь¹ на². (It's) still² early¹.
– бер ӝыт late in the evening
– Туж¹ бер² ини³. (It's) already³ too¹ late².

матын – кыдёкын nearby, close – far away

ӧжыт – трос little, few – much, many

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[h34]

https://youtu.be/ohw3zRwPnoc

[h34]

Adjectives: comparative

The comparative is marked with the suffix -гес (rarely -гем):

лапег low
лапег-гес lower
бадӟым big
бадӟым-гес bigger
ӧжыт little, few
ӧжыт-гес less, fewer
трос much, many
трос-гес more

The object of the comparison can be expressed either in the ablative form or by adding the postposition сярысь (concerning, about):

Скал ыжлэсь бадӟымгес. A cow is bigger than a sheep. (lit. ≈ cow of-sheep bigger)
Скал ыж сярысь бадӟымгес. A cow is bigger than a sheep. (lit. ≈ cow sheep-about bigger)

If the object of the comparison is indicated, the comparative suffix can be omitted:

Скал ыжлэсь бадӟым. A cow is bigger than a sheep. (lit. ≈ cow of-sheep big)
Скал ыж сярысь бадӟым. A cow is bigger than a sheep. (lit. ≈ cow sheep-about big)

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