Cognates and semantic shifts

[Linguaphile]

jalka foot, leg
jalka foot, leg
jalka foot, leg
jalka foot, leg
jalka football
jalga foot, leg
jālga foot, leg
jalg foot, leg
jalg foot, leg
jalgu foot, leg
jaug foot, leg
ял foot, leg
йол foot, leg
gyal foot, leg (archaic)
gyalog on foot
ялго on foot
ялга on foot
jyelgi foot, leg
juällge foot, leg
juölggie foot, leg
juolgge foot, leg
juolgi foot, leg
jueʹlǧǧ foot, leg
juelkie foot, leg
ю̄лльк foot, leg
jïllʹge foot, leg

láb foot, leg

laba blade, paddle; (in compounds) jalalaba flat part of the foot; käelaba flat part of the hand
laba blade, paddle (not used for hand/foot)
labā paddle; (in compounds) jālgalabā flat part of the foot; kädlabā flat part of the hand
laba paddle
laba paddle; part of a distaff
laba paddle; part of a distaff; horse's shoulder
lapa blade, paddle; (in compounds) jalkalapa flat part of the foot (not used for hand)
lapa blade, shoulder
lappe flat part of the foot
ла̄бпь flat part of the hand or foot
láhpe in compounds: juällgesláhpe ball of the foot
laahpee flat part of the hand or foot
lyepi blade, paddle
lää'pp blade, paddle, flat part of the foot
лаб oar
лабя oar
лабаӈ oar
лʼәп oar

лапа paw
лапа (in compounds) пильгелапа foot
лапа (in compounds) ял лапа foot

[sa wulfs]

So this is super old but

läkistä to make a lot of noise, roar ('käratseda, lärmata' according to ETY)

I've never hear this word nor could I find it on Google. I wonder what ETY's source is...

I'd like to know too! ETY was the only source I could find for it. They do get stuff wrong sometimes and I just blithely post them here.

The Suomen Sanojen Alkuperä etymological dictionary has this entry:

läkistä (Lönnr[ot] 1874; ei murt.) 'meluta / lärmen ~ vi (Wied[emann]) lägiseda id., lägin (g. -a) 'melu, huutelu' | li[ivi] lägāstə 'räkkätä'.

Onomat. sanoja, jotka saattavat kuulua s. v. läkättää (ks. tätä) mainittujen sanojen yhteyteen.

Toivonen Vir 1949 49, 180 (sm ~ vi; nämä ehkä läkättää sikermän yhteyseen), SKES [Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja] 1958 320 (+ li), EEW [Julius Mägiste, Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] 1982-83 1434.

I imagine the bit where it says it isn't found in Finnish dialects is very telling.

I'm always amused by the random German outbursts in this dictionary ('lärmen' in this case).

[Linguaphile]

läkistä (Lönnr[ot] 1874; ei murt.) 'meluta / lärmen ~ vi (Wied[emann]) lägiseda id., lägin (g. -a) 'melu, huutelu' | li[ivi] lägāstə 'räkkätä'.

That's really interesting! And it gets stranger, because I've never heard the Estonian words they cite (lägiseda, lägin) either, and as it turns out, in Estonian these words are used in dialects - VMS says specifically they were used only in one small village in western Estonian (Karuse):

► Show Spoiler

And probably more relevant, EMS also mentions the form lägisemä from Kuusalu, closer to the Finnish border. In EMS it is listed as a variant of lõgisema (a sort of repetitive metallic sound, like that of a sewing machine, mower, chain in motion, or utensils against plates).

Livonian on the other hand does use the word lägāstõ more widely (i.e., it appears in the standard dictionary) and has this entry in the Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary. It is specifically used for loud noises of birds:

lägāstõ ¤53 vi kisada (linnust) ▫ kliegt, brēkt (par putnu)
Lind lägāstõb. Lind kisab. ▫ Putns brēc. Kanā lägāstõb, kǭkštõb. Kana kisab, kaagutab. ▫ Vista kliedz, kladzina. KK78a76

[Linguaphile]

arpa lottery, lot
arpa lot, section of the village grassland
arba lot, section of the village farmland or grassland
arb fate, destiny
arb to bewitch, cast a spell
arḃma to see the future or tell fortunes using witchcraft
arbuma to see the future or tell fortunes using witchcraft
arp witch's drum, witch's sieve (for casting spells or fortune-telling)
vuorbi fate, destiny, lot; pieces of wood, stones, etc. (used for casting lots)
vuörbie fate, destiny, lot
vueʹrbb fate, destiny, lot
vuärrbe luck, success

[Linguaphile]

tema he, she
temā he, she
tämā he, she
tämä he, she, it, this; tämä this; tämä this;; tämä this; tämä this
ťämä this
täm this
timä he, she, it
тӫми that (over there)
тӫм that (over there)
тайӧ this
та this; та this
ta he, she
таʼ that
tät this
táát this
та̄дт this
tatte this
dat it (something previously mentioned)
dát this (near the speaker)
diet that (near the listener)
ťäs here
те this
тиде this
тудо that, he, she, it
ти now
тыминіа now
тей yesterday
tegnap yesterday
duote that (near you)
duot that (over there)
tuot that (over there)
tuo that (over there); tuo that (over there); tuo that (over there)
tuu that (over there)
too that (over there); too that (over there); too that (over there)
toi that (over there); toi that (over there)
tuoi second, other, another
toin second, other, another
toini second, other, another
toine second, other, another; toine second, other, another; toine second, other, another
toinen second, other, another
tõinõ second, other, another
tõõnõ second, other, another
teine second, other, another
tuonne͔ over there, to there
тона that; тона that
tova far, yonder

[Naava]

tämä he, she, it, this; tämä this; tämä this;;

Tämä can mean "he/she" in some contexts in Finnish, too. I've talked about its usage in standard Finnish at the end of this post and, depending how well you can understand Finnish, you can read more about it here. It's used a bit differently in spoken Finnish, but there too it can mean he/she. Here's two examples that I found with some quick googling. The first one is from some random blog. The blogger is talking about his husband:

Tää sanoi: "Sittenhän voidaan laittaa tuo autokin pois".

He said: "Well then we can sell the car too".

The second one is from a forum:

Soitin justiinsa kaverille jonka pitäisi näistä vähän tietää. Tää sanoi ottavansa selvää [...]

I just called a friend who should know about these. S/he said s/he would try to find about it [...]

[Linguaphile]

tämä he, she, it, this; tämä this; tämä this;;

Tämä can mean "he/she" in some contexts in Finnish, too. I've talked about its usage in standard Finnish at the end of this post and, depending how well you can understand Finnish, you can read more about it here. It's used a bit differently in spoken Finnish, but there too it can mean he/she. Here's two examples that I found with some quick googling. The first one is from some random blog. The blogger is talking about his husband:

Tää sanoi: "Sittenhän voidaan laittaa tuo autokin pois".

He said: "Well then we can sell the car too".

The second one is from a forum:

Soitin justiinsa kaverille jonka pitäisi näistä vähän tietää. Tää sanoi ottavansa selvää [...]

I just called a friend who should know about these. S/he said s/he would try to find about it [...]

Thanks!!
Also, ETY says Finnish tuo can mean "the other one (of two)" ["(kahest) teine"] in addition to meaning "that". Like "that other one," I guess. Is that correct?

[Linguaphile]

kahju harm, damage
kaih harm, damage
kaiho harm, damage, envy, ruin
kaiho sorrow, worry, grief
kaiho longing, sadness
kaiho longing, desire, want; damage, loss
ka’i loss, damage (from fire, shipwreck, etc)
kae eye disease, cataract
kaihi eye disease, cataract
kaehte eye disease, cataract
kaihte eye disease, cataract
кажо accident, misfortune
каж weak, thin, wretched
haige ill, sick
haigõ ill, sick
haikea melancholic, nostalgic, sad
haikeus melancholy, nostalgia, sadness, wistfulness
haigus illness, disease

[Linguaphile]

süda heart (gen. südame, part. südant)
süda heart (gen. südame, part. südand) (Hiiumaa dialect)
südä heart (gen. südäme, part. südänt) (Kihnu dialect)
sydän heart (gen. sydämen, part. sydäntä)
südäm heart; interior; filling (gen. südämen, part. südämt
südäin' heart; interior; guts (gen. südäimen, part. südänt)
šüdäin heart; interior; filling (gen. šüdäimen, part. šüdäind)
süväin heart; interior; filling; belly (gen. süväimen, part. süväindu)
syän heart; belly (gen. syämen, part. syänt)
süä heart (gen. süämme, part. süänd) (Kuusalu dialect)
süä heart (gen. süäme, part. süänd)
süä heart; anger (gen. süämmee, part. süät)
sidām heart (gen. sidām, part. sidāmt)
šeän heart (gen. šeämen)
seän heart (gen. seämen)
шӱм (šüm) heart, center, spirit
сей (seej) heart
szív heart (acc. szívet, dat. szívnek)
сым (šim, Southern šäm) heart
сьӧлӧм (sʹölöm) heart, spirit, courage
сюлэм (sjulem) heart
čââʹđ heart
čađa through
tjadá through
tjadá through
tjará through
tjïrreh through
че̄д (čeed) through
čoođâ through

söandama to dare
söendämä to dare
südi bold, plucky
söakas bold, gutsy
süäkas bold, gutsy
sütäkaᴢ bold, gutsy, hot-tempered
сьӧлӧм (sʹölöm) heart, spirit, courage

sydämistyä to get angry
süändümä to get angry
süäntüüssä to get angry
süä heart; anger (gen. süämmee, part. süät)

[Linguaphile]

Proto-Uralic *näke- to see

näkö sight, vision, look, face
näkö sight, vision, expression, face
nägö sight, view, face
nägö sight, view, face
nägö sight, view, face
nägo look, appearance, view
nägo appearance, face
näko face
nägu face
nä’g face, appearance
nägema to see
nägemä to see
nähä to see
nähhä to see, to experience
ńähtä to see
ńähta see
nähtä to see, to watch, to experience, to understand
nähdä to see, to experience
nǟ’dõ to see
niehko dream
niekko dream
не̄гкэ (njēgke) to see in a dream
niegadit to dream
niõǥǥeed to dream
неемс (nejems) to see
няемс (njajems) to see
наяны (najany) to look, to watch
néz to look, to watch

[Linguaphile]

mätši mountain, hill, shore, beach, dry land
mäki mountain, hill, shore
mäki hill
mägi mountain, hill, shore, dry land
mägi hill
mägi mountain, hill, hillock
mägi mountain, hill
mägi mountain, hill
mägi mountain, hill, shore, beach (Kihnu dialect)
mägi mountain, hill
mägi hill
mäg hill
мӱг (müg) small hill, turf

[h34]

saa•ma to receive, to get, to become, …
су•ны
– to grasp, to comprehend, to "get"
– to find: Эг су сійӧс гортсьыс. (I didn't find him (when I was looking for him) at home.)
– to catch: вӧрӧс суны (to catch the thief)

saabu•ma to arrive
са•мс
– to arrive: Почтась сась? (Has the mail arrived?)
– to come: Тон сыть поездсэ эли буссо? (Did you come by train or by bus?) Тундось сы. (Spring is coming.)
шу•аш
– to arrive: жапыштыже шуаш (to arrive in time)
– to achieve: сеҥымашыш шуаш (to achieve victory)
– to ripen: Олма шуын. (The apple(s) got ripe.)
– marking completed action in a converb construction: йӱлен шуаш (to burn down); кошкен шуаш (to dry out); толын шуаш (to arrive)

[Linguaphile]

saa•ma to receive, to get, to become, …
су•ны
– to grasp, to comprehend, to "get"
– to find: Эг су сійӧс гортсьыс. (I didn't find him (when I was looking for him) at home.)
– to catch: вӧрӧс суны (to catch the thief)

saabu•ma to arrive
са•мс
– to arrive: Почтась сась? (Has the mail arrived?)
– to come: Тон сыть поездсэ эли буссо? (Did you come by train or by bus?) Тундось сы. (Spring is coming.)
шу•аш
– to arrive: жапыштыже шуаш (to arrive in time)
– to achieve: сеҥымашыш шуаш (to achieve victory)
– to ripen: Олма шуын. (The apple(s) got ripe.)
– marking completed action in a converb construction: йӱлен шуаш (to burn down); кошкен шуаш (to dry out); толын шуаш (to arrive)

Thanks for this!
More....

saama to receive, to get, to become, to be able to
saama to receive, to get, to become, to be able to
saata to receive, to get, to become, to earn, to be permitted, to be able
saada to receive, to get, to be permitted
sada to receive, to get, to earn, to achieve, to be permitted
sǭdõ to receive, to get, to come
saavva to get, to be able to, to be permitted, to bring
saavva to receive, to get, to become, to earn, to fetch
suada to receive, to get, to be able, to bring forth
suaha to receive, to get
suaha to receive, to get, to bring forth, to be permitted
суны to grasp, to find, to catch
савтомс to cause
sä´tted to be able, to accompany, might
säʹtted to receive, to get, to be permitted, to be able, to accompany
sättiđ to escort, to be able, to be possible, might
sáhttit to be able, to bring, to cause
sáhttet to be able
sáhttet to be able
saehtedh to send off, to send away, to carry
sáhtašit to accompany, to escort
saatma to send, to direct, to accompany, to escort
saatma to send, to direct, to accompany, to escort
saattaa to accompany, to escort, may, might
saattaa to send, to accompany, to escort, to guide
saattaa to send, to escort
satta to accompany, to escort
sǭtõ to send, to direct, to accompany, to escort
saapua to arrive
saabuma to arrive
самс to arrive, to come
самс to arrive, to come
шуаш to arrive, to achieve, to ripen
saavuttaa to get, to acquire, to demand
saavuttaa to reach, to obtain, to achieve
saavutama to reach, to obtain, to achieve

[Naava]

saada to receive, to get, to be permitted

Also "to come", but it's not used as much as the other meanings. Here's one example: Syksy saa, vai saako? (newspaper headline from 2016: autumn is coming, or is it?)

saattaa to accompany, to escort, may, might

Also "to bring, drive (into a situation)" and "to have the impudence/nerve (to do), dare ((to) do), be able to (do)" (similar to English "how could you do this to me?"). There's also the phrase "saattaa matkaan", which you could translate as "to send (onwards)", but it doesn't cover all the meanings or uses of "send". In any case, I thought it's interesting if you compare it to the cognates that have the meaning "to send"!

[Linguaphile]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abFQOlYVmko

talu farm
talo farm
talo house
talo house, farm
taloi house, farm
taloi house
taloi house
tal peasant
táálu house
dállu house

tare farmhouse room, barn dwelling
tare room
tarõ farmhouse room, farmhouse
tarõ farmhouse room, sauna

tuba room
tubā small house
tupa living room
tupa living room
tupe living room
dåhpe house
dåhpe house
ståhpe house
ståhpo hut, cabin

voodi bed
voodõh bed
vuode bed
vuode bed
vuota hide, pelt
vuoddo/vuorro bottom, base, foundation
vuodo bottom, base, foundation
vuođđu bottom, base, foundation
vuáđu bottom, base, foundation
vuâđđ bottom, base, foundation
вуэдт sole (of shoe or foot)

pöid instep
pöüd tire
pöüdä table
pöütä table; palm (of the hand)
pöytä table
pevdi table
beavdi table
bievdde table
bävvde table

More about koda here.

[Linguaphile]

ahi (gen. ahju) oven, stove
ahi (gen. ahjo) oven, stove
aho (gen. ahjo) oven, stove
ahjo oven, stove
ahjo forge, furnace
ahjo forge, furnace
ahjo embers, fireplace
ahj embers, heat
ahď forge, furnace
ōj oven, stove

[Linguaphile]

pada (gen. paja) cast iron pot, clay pot, pot, cauldron
pada (gen. paan) clay pot, clay dish, cauldron, kettle
pada clay pot, clay dish, cauldron, kettle
pada cast iron pot, clay pot
pata (gen. paa) cast iron pot, clay pot
pata (gen. padan) pot, cauldron, stew
под pot, cauldron
fazék pot

[Linguaphile]

keittiö kitchen
keittijö kitchen
keema to boil (intransitive)
kiehua to boil, to stew (intransitive)
kiehua to boil (intransitive)
kiehuo to boil, to churn, to seethe, to hurry
keehua to boil, to churn, to seethe, (iron) to melt
tšihua to boil, to churn, to seethe, to giggle
kiehuda to boil, to churn, to seethe, to hurry
kehda to boil, to bubble (intransitive)
kīedõ to boil (intransitive)
kiitäq to boil (intransitive)
kiehuttaa to boil, to cause to boil (transitive)
tšihuttaa to brew (transitive)
keetma to boil, to cook (transitive)
keittää to boil, to cook, to brew (transitive)
keittää to boil, to braze (transitive)
keiťťädä to boil, to braze (transitive)
keittiä to boil, to braze, to hit, to torture (transitive)
tšeittää to boil, to cook (transitive)
kīetõ to boil, to cook (transitive)
kiitta to boil, to cook (transitive)
kiitmä to boil, to cook (transitive)
ǩeʹtted to boil, to cook (transitive)
кӱаш to boil, to cook, to sunbathe (intransitive)
кӱкташ to boil, to bake (transitive)

[Linguaphile]

This one has changed very little:

Proto-Uralic: *waje
Proto-Samic: *vuojë
Proto-Finnic: *voi

vuodja butter, liquid fat, oil
vuodja butter, liquid fat, oil
vuodja butter, liquid fat, oil
vȭidag butter
võid butter
või butter
või butter, vegetable oil
вый butter
voi butter
voi butter
voi butter
voi butter, oil
voi butter, oil
вой (voi) butter, fat, lard
во̄й (vōj) fat
вӧй (vöi) butter, oil
ви (vi) butter, fish oil
vïjj butter, fat
vaj butter
вай (vaj) butter, fat, oil
вӑй (văj) butter, fat, lard
vuj butter
вӯйй (vūjj) butter, fat
vuõjj butter, fat
vuojja butter, fat
vuojâ butter, fat
vuajja butter, fat
voeje butter, fat
ой (oj) butter, fat, oil
ӱй (üj) butter
ӱ (ü) butter

[Linguaphile]

sap/juice/blood/soup

mahl juice, sap
mahl juice, sap
mahla juice, sap
mahla sap
mahla sap
mahlu birch sap
máihli birch sap
maalie animal blood, birch sap
mállie reindeer blood
málle animal blood
málle animal blood
malle thin porridge, soup
málli soup
määḷi soup
määʹll birch sap, soup
ма̄лль (māllʹ) birch sap, fir sap, tree bark
мӧль (mölʹ) fir sap, nectar, honeydew, honey