Cognates and semantic shifts

[Naava]

huotava cheap, simple

Kotus says this is used in the Southeastern dialects, not Southwestern. [map from Kotus]

kohta place, location, right away

kohta means 'soon', not 'right away'.

[Linguaphile]

huotava cheap, simple

Kotus says this is used in the Southeastern dialects, not Southwestern. [map from Kotus]

kohta place, location, right away

kohta means 'soon', not 'right away'.

Kiitos!

[Naava]

Kiitos!

Np!

I like the lists btw! I had never thought kohtuus and kohta would share the same root, although it's quite obvious if you think about it. I wonder if kohti ('towards') belongs to this group, too?

[Linguaphile]

Kiitos!

Np!

I like the lists btw! I had never thought kohtuus and kohta would share the same root, although it's quite obvious if you think about it. I wonder if kohti ('towards') belongs to this group, too?

Yes of course; I hadn't even thought about the postpositions. They are derived directly from the nouns.
Wiktionary says the etymology of kohti "towards" is "from the lative singular kohta +‎ -i."
And there is also kohta "about", which is the partitive and illative form of koht.

[Naava]

Yes of course; I hadn't even thought about the postpositions. They are derived directly from the nouns.
Wiktionary says the etymology of kohti "towards" is "from the lative singular kohta +‎ -i."
And there is also kohta "about", which is the partitive and illative form of koht.

How did it end up being kohti and not *kohtoi? (Usually A+I=O, eg. jalka > jalkoja or Estonian jalg > jalgu)

Finnish has also kohtaan:
- Olit töykeä häntä kohtaan. - You were rude to him.
- Mira ei voinut olla tuntematta sääliä Sakua kohtaan. - Mira couldn't help but feel pity for Saku.
- Esimieheni käyttäytyy huonosti minua kohtaan. - My boss is behaving badly towards me.
(Directly copy pasted from Wiktionary.)

And the verb kohdata, 'to meet'!

[Linguaphile]

Various words meaning "speak", and what their cognates mean in related languages:

puhua to speak, to blow (of wind)
puhuo to blow, to cast a spell, to speak
puhuda to blow, to cast a spell
puhuda to blow, to cast a spell
puhua to blow, to snort
puhhuua to blow, to breathe
puhaltaa to blow (can refer to humans or wind)
pūgõ to blow
puhkua to huff, puff
puhkma to blow
puhuma to blow
(believed to be onomatopoeic)

läätä to speak
läätä to speak, to talk (Kukkuzi dialect)
lägätä to speak Izhorian (Rajo dialect); to babble (Jõgõperä dialect)
lägäellä to speak
läkisä to chatter, to prattle
läkistä to make a lot of noise, roar ('käratseda, lärmata' according to ETY)
läkastama to have a coughing fit, to choke
läkārtõ to have a coughing fit, to choke
läkehtüö to choke, suffocate, gasp for breath
ľäkästuda to suffocate, to gasp for breath
lätšähtüä to suffocate, to gasp for breath
läkähtyä to suffocate, to swelter
läginemä to start to burn and get larger (of fire); to grow angrier (southeast dialect)
lügünemmä to start to burn and get larger (of fire); to grow angrier
läitma to gleam, shine, light up, kindle
(believed to be onomatopoeic)

haastaa to dare, defy, challenge, summon; (Eastern dialects) to speak
hoastoa to speak, talk, smolder, glow
huoata to sigh, to blow
hooada to blow
huokua to exhale (of inanimate objects releasing things), to emanate
hookua to breath
huogavuo to breath
huogauzuda to blow
oogata to blow, to catch one's breath
(believed to be onomatopoeic; uncertain whether haastaa and hoastoa are etymologically related to the others)

kõnõlõma to speak
kõnelema to talk, to converse, to speak about
koneistaa to mechanize, to machine
konehtie to conjure
(from Proto-Finnic koneh "magic")

rääkima to speak
rääkkiä to screech, to crake
rääkuma, rääksuma to screech, to crake
rääkyä to yell, to howl, to screech
rääkkyä to screech, to crake
riägüdä to shout
reäküö to shout, to roar, to screech
räukõ to shout, cry loudly
(believed to be onomatopoeic; Estonian rääkima probably influenced by Germanic spreken)

pajattaa to speak, to talk, to recite by heart; to speak Votic
pajattaa to patter, jabber
pajatama to tell, talk, narrate, speak
pajattua to sing, to hold a funeral service, to cry
pajattada to sing spiritual songs
pajatada to sing
(from Russian: баять "to speak, to tell")

[Naava]

puhua to speak, to blow (of wind)
puhuo to blow, to cast a spell, to speak
puhuda to blow, to cast a spell
puhuda to blow, to cast a spell
puhua to blow, to snort
puhhuua to blow, to breathe
pūgõ to blow
puhkua to huff, puff
puhkma to blow
puhuma to blow
(believed to be onomatopoeic)

You could also add FI: puhaltaa - to blow (can refer to humans or wind)

läkistä to make a lot of noise, roar ('käratseda, lärmata' according to ETY)

I've never hear this word nor could I find it on Google. I wonder what ETY's source is...
There is a verb lätistä - to splash, to splash repeatedly (standard Finnish); to chatter (Spoken Finnish). I doubt it's related to any of your words though.

haastaa to dare, defy, challenge, summon; (dialect) to speak
hoastoa to speak, talk, smolder, glow

FYI: haastaa is used in the Eastern dialects of Finnish, which share a common ancestor with Karelian but not with the Western dialects.

huokua to exhale, to emanate

Just a NB: 'exhale' here refers to inanimate things releasing stuff, not to breathing.

(from Proto-Finnic koneh "magic")

Wow, I didn't know that!

rääkima to speak
rääkkiä to screech, to crake
rääkuma, rääksuma to screech, to crake
rääkyä to yell, to howl, to screech
rääkkyä to screech, to crake
riägüdä to shout
reäküö to shout, to roar, to screech
räukõ to shout, cry loudly

I really like how all the other languages say it means "to screech" or "to shout" and then Estonian is like "yup, that's how we talk".

[Linguaphile]

Thanks!
Here's one more:

paista to speak, to converse
paišta to speak, to converse; to condemn, to blame
pagišta to speak, to converse
pagišta to speak, to converse
pakista to chat
pakisa to crack, to crackle
pagisema to crack, to creak, to groan (i.e. a ship)
pagat to speak (Salatsi dialect)
ругъедтэ (pággeδ) to quarrel, to bicker

läkistä to make a lot of noise, roar ('käratseda, lärmata' according to ETY)

I've never hear this word nor could I find it on Google. I wonder what ETY's source is...

I'd like to know too! ETY was the only source I could find for it. They do get stuff wrong sometimes and I just blithely post them here.

rääkima to speak
rääkkiä to screech, to crake
rääkuma, rääksuma to screech, to crake
rääkyä to yell, to howl, to screech
rääkkyä to screech, to crake
riägüdä to shout
reäküö to shout, to roar, to screech
räukõ to shout, cry loudly

I really like how all the other languages say it means "to screech" or "to shout" and then Estonian is like "yup, that's how we talk".

Yes, but don't forget, in Estonian the same word is used when talking about how everyone else speaks, too. You know, "Naava räägib soome keelt" and things like that.
That's why I found it so interesting that Votic has a special verb (lägätä) that means "to speak Izhorian". Wouldn't be be funny if all the languages did that with each other, in other words, if Estonians were to say rääkima to mean "to speak Estonian" but then use the verb puhuma to mean "to speak Finnish" ("Naava puhub soome keelt" - and I think I have actually seen that sort of thing sometimes, but perhaps just as a joke or ironic way of saying it) and so on, while Finnish were to use rääkyä for "to speak Estonian," läkistä for "to speak Izhorian", etc. So that if a person spoke all of those languages then they'd say that they know how to "shout Estonian, blow Finnish, cough out Ingrian and conjure up Võro".
Oh wow that could be fun.

[Linguaphile]

rummal foolish, dumb
rumal foolish, dumb
rumal foolish, silly
rumāli dirty
rumala coarse, raw
ruma coarse, ragged, raw
ruma ugly, unpleasant, vulgar
ruma ugly, shoddy, greedy
ruma greedy, voracious
ruma voracious, ravenous
ruma voracious, hardworking, durable

[Linguaphile]

tark smart, talented, decent
tark sober, clever, wise, intelligent; benevolent witch, sorcerer
tark wise, intelligent, sharp-witted, spiritually gifted; benevolent witch, healer
tarkka wise, intelligent, knowing, skillful; witch, healer, sorcerer
tarkka wise, intelligent, alert, attentive to detail, frugal
tarku alert, possessing sharp senses, precise, thorough, careful, frugal
tarkka accurate, exact, precise, punctual
tark miserly, frugal

[Linguaphile]

maimik one-year-old to three-year-old child
maim baby fish; small child
maim small fish; bait
maim small dried fish
maimu small dried fish
maima salmon

[Linguaphile]

seen mushroom; fungus
seen mushroom; fungus
sēņ mushroom; fungus
sēne mushroom; fungus
sen' mushroom; fungus
siin' mushroom; fungus
siini mushroom; fungus
šień mushroom; gilled fungus
sieni mushroom; fungus; sponge
sieni mushroom; fungus
sieni mushroom; fungus
čäänn bracket fungus
ча̄нн bracket fungus
čááná bracket fungus
čátná bracket fungus
tjádná bracket fungus
tjádná bracket fungus
tjádná bracket fungus
сан bracket fungus
шен tinder, bracket fungus
sēniγ tinder, bracket fungus
śeńki tinder; bracket fungus
szén coal

[Linguaphile]

vahva strong, powerful, able-bodied
vahva strong, healthy, whole
vahv strong, firm, powerful
vahva strong, certain, great
vahva brave, fearless; good