ILL / illative / -ö / -öINE / inessive / -ын / -ynELA / elative / -ысь / -ys'Words in the illative case answer the question
кытшö? / kytšö? = (towards) where?, where (to)?, whither?
Зонка пырö школаö.
- зонка / zonka = boy
- пыр-ö / pyr-ö = go-3SG
- школа-ö / škola-ö = school-ILL
= The boy is going to school.The inessive case answers the question
кöнi? / könï? = where?
Зонка велöдчö школаын.
- зонка / zonka = boy
- велöдч-ö / velödč-ö = study/learn-3SG
- школа-ын / škola-yn = school-INE
= The boy is studying at school.The elative case answers the question
кытысь? / kytys'? = from where? where from?
Зонка петö школаысь.
- зонка / zonka = boy
- пет-ö / pet-ö = come-3SG
- школа-ысь / škola-ys' = school-ELA
= The boy is coming from school.More about the local cases:
ILL / illative / -ö / -ö(1) Words in the illative case can describe an object towards which or into which someone/something is moving:
Ми мунам талун театрö.
- ми / mi = we
- мун-ам / mun-am = go-3PL
- та=лун / ta=lun = to=day
- театр-ö / teatr-ö = theatre-ILL
= We're going to the theatre today.Асывъяснас челядь мунöны челядь садъясö, школаясö.
- aсывъ-яс-нас / asyv"-jas-nas = morning-PL-
- челядь / čeljad' = children
- мун-öны / mun-öny = go-3PL
- челядь садъ-яс-ö / čeljad' sad-jas-ö = kindergarten-PL-ILL
- школа-яс-ö / škola-jas-ö = school-PL-ILL
= In the morning, the children go to kindergarten or to schoolТаво миян челядь мунöны медводдза классö.
- та=во / ta=vo = this=year
- миян / mijan = my
- челядь / čeljad' = children
- мун-öны / mun-öny = go-3PL
- медводдза / medvoddza = first
- класс-ö / klass-ö = class/grade-ILL
= This year my children go to first class/grade (/start school)Ми мунам талун театрö.
- ми / mi = we
- мун-ам / mun-am = go-1PL
- та=лун / ta=lun = this=day
- театр-ö / teatr-ö = theatre-ILL
= We are going to the theatre today. (2) Words in the illative case can describe the time of an action:
Быд асылö найö котралöны час джын паркын.
- быд / byd = every
- асыл-ö / asyl-ö = morning-ILL
- найö / najö = they
- котрал-öны / kotral-öny = run-3PL
- парк-ын / park-yn = park-INE
= Every morning they run in the park. (Lit.: "Into every morning ...") Аскиа лунö лоö шоныд да кос поводдя.
- аски / aski = tomorrow
- аски-а / aski-a = "tomorrow-ish" (adjective)
- лун-ö / lun-ö = day-ILL
- ло-ö / lo-ö = be-3SG
- шоныд / šonyd = warm
- да / da = and
- кос / kos = dry
- поводдя / povoddja = weather
= Tomorrow the weather is going to be warm and dry. (Lit. "Into tomorrow's day will be warm and dry weather." Воысь-воö Сыктывкар лоö мичаджык.
- во-ысь / vo-ys' = year-ELA
- во-ö / vo-ö = year-INE
- ло-ö / lo-ö = be-3SG
- мича-джык / miča-džyk = beautiful-COMP
= Year by year, Syktyvkar is becoming more beautiful. (Lit.: "Out of year into year ...") (3) Words in the illative case can describe a profession someone is preparing for:
Митрей ёртöй велöдчö инженерö Выльгортын, видз-му овмöс техникумын.
- Митрей / Mitrej = Mitrej (male given name).NOM
- ёрт-öй / ёrt-öj = friend-POSS.3SG
- велöдч-ö / velödč-ö = study-3SG
- инженер-ö / inžener-ö = engineer-ILL
= Mitrej's friend is studying to become an engineer. (Lit.: "Mitrej his friend is studying into engineer.")INE / inessive / -ын / -yn(1) Words in the inessive case describe where something is (situated) or where something is taking place:
Ми олам Коми муын.
- ми / mi = we
- ол-ам / ol-am = live-3SG
- Коми му-ын / Komi mu-yn = Komi land-INE
= We live in Komi land. Ошъяс, кöчьяс, ручьяс олöны вöрын.
- ошъ-яс / oš"-jas = bear.NOM-PL
- кöчь-яс / köč'-jas = hare.NOM-PL
- ручь-яс / ruč'-jas = fox.NOM-PL
- ол-öны / ol-öny = live-3PL
- вöр-ын / vör-yn = forest-INE
= Bears, hares, and foxes live in the forest. (2) Words in the inessive case can denote the time period during which something is going on:
Арын лэбачъяс лэбзьöны Коми муысь лунвылö.
- ар-ын / ar-yn = autumn-INE
- лэбачъ-яс / lėbač"-jas = bird.NOM-PL
- лэбзь-öны / lėbz'-öny = fly-3PL
- Коми му-ысь / Komi mu-ys' = Komi land-ELA
- лун=выл-ö / lun=vyl-ö = sun=area-ILL
=In autumn, the birds fly from Komi land towards the south. Тулысын найö воöны гортö бöр.
- тулыс-ын / tulys-yn = spring-INE
- найö / najö = they
- во-öны / vo-öny = return-3PL
- горт-ö / gort-ö = home-ILL
- бöр / bör = (postposition, approx. "after", "past")
- гортö бöр / gortö bör = (back) home
= In spring, they return home. Воын немыд, лунын югыд.
- во-ын / vo-yn = night-INE
- немыд / nemyd = dark
- лун-ын / lu-yn = day-INE
- югыд / jugyd = light, bright
= The night is dark, the day is bright. (Lit.: "In the night dark, in the day bright.") Сизим часын заводитчö "Öшкамöшка" телеуджтас.
- сизим / sizim = seven
- час-ын / čas-yn = hour-INE
- заводитч-ö / zavoditč-ö = begin-3SG
- öшкамöшка / öškamöška = rainbow
- телеуджтас / teleudžtas = TV program
= At seven o'clock, the "Öshkamöshka" program begins on TV.(3) Words in the inessive case can also describe someone's profession:
Лидя нылöй Визинын велöдысьын уджалö.
- Лидя / Lidja = Lydia (given name)
- ныл-öй / nyl-öj = daughter-POSS.3SG
- Визин / Vizin = Vizin, name of a town
- Визин-ын / Vizin-yn = in Vizin-INE
- велöдысь-ын / velödys'-yn = teacher-INE
- уджал-ö / udžal-ö = work-3SG
= Lydia's daughter works as a teacher in Vizin. (Lit.: "Lydia her daughter in Vizin in teacher works.") Митрей ёртöй уна во нин трактористын уджалö.
- Митрей / Mitrej = Mitrej (given name)
- ёрт-öй / ёrt-öj = friend.NOM-POSS.3SG
- уна / una = many
- во / vo = year.NOM
- нин / nin = already
- тракторист / traktorist = tractor operator (NOM)
- тракторист-ын / traktorist-yn = tractor operator-INE
- уджал-ö / udžal-ö = work-3SG
= Mitrej's friend has been working as a tractor operator for many years. (Lit.: "Mitrej his friend many year already in tractorist works.")ELA / elative / -ысь / -ys'(1) Nouns in the elative case can describe something or someone moving out of of something:
Ручпиян петiсны вöрысь.
- руч=пи-ян / ruč=pi-jan = fox cubs "fox=kid".NOM.PL
- петiсны / petïsny = (they) came out
- вöр-ысь / vör-ys' = forest-ELA
= The fox cubs came out of the forest.(2) A noun in the elative case can describe what something is made of:
Нянь пöжалöны пызьысь.
- нянь / njan' = bread.ACC
- пöжал-öны / pöžal-öny = bake-3PL
- пызь-ысь / pyz'-ys' = flour-ELA
= Bread is baked out of flour. (Lit.: "Bread [they] bake out of flour.") Шыд пуöны яйысь, картупельысь, шыдöсысь, капустаысь.
- шыд / šyd = shchi (cabbage soup).ACC
- пу-öны / pu-öny = cook-3PL
- яй-ысь / jaj-ys' = meat-ELA
- картупель-ысь / kartupel'-ys' = potato-ELA
- шыдöс-ысь / šydös-ys' = grain-ELA
- капуста-ысь / kapusta-ys' = cabbage-ELA
= Shchi (cabbage soup) is made of meat, potatoes, grain and cabbage. (Lit.: "Shchi [they] make out of meat, potato, grain, cabbage." Пызанъяс вöчöны пуысь.
- пызанъ-яс / pyzan"-jas = table.ACC-PL
- вöч-öны / vöč-öny = make-3PL
- пу-ысь / pu-ys' = wood-ELA
= Tables are made of wood. (Lit. "Tables (they) make out of wood.") Миян керка бетонысь, а орчча керка изйысь.
- миян / mijan = my
- керка / kerka = house.NOM
- бетон-ысь / beton-ys' = concrete-ELA
- а / a = and, but, whereas, while
- орчча / orčča = neighbour(ing) (adjective)
- изй- / izj- = stone (stem)
- изй-ысь / izj-ys' = stone-ELA
= My house is made of concrete, while the neighbouring house is made of stone. (Lit.: "My house out of concrete, but neighbouring house out of stone.") CAUS / causative / -ла / -laAPP / approximative / -лань / -lan'EGR / egressive / -сянь / -sjan'PRO / prolative / -öд, тi / -öd, -tiTER / terminative / -öдз / -ödz^