Tunuvaa language

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Massimiliano B
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Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-23, 19:38

Tunuvaa [tu'nuva:] language is based on Italian: its grammar is the grammar of the Italian language, with some simplifications and less irregularities.

Its sound system is very simple.


Consonants

g - [g] ~ [ɣ]
h - [h]
n - [n]
r - [ɾ] (alveolar flap) ~ [r]
t - [t]
v - [v]


Vowels

a - [a]
aa - [a:]
u - [u]
uu - [u:]
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-09-29, 23:07, edited 3 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-24, 17:11

Noun system

Definite article
Like Italian, articles have a singular and a plural form, and a masculine and feminine form. They are not stressed, but form a single unit with the word they refer to:
masculine singular: ga
masculine plural: gana
femimine singular: gu
feminine plural: guna

Nouns
Masculine nouns end in -a or -aa; the plural ending is -va. In the plural, the long a is shortened if, by adding -va, the nombers of moras is more than 3:
naguutaa [na'gu:ta:] = cat
naguutava [na'gu:tava] = cats

Feminine nouns end in -u or -uu; the plural ending is -ru. In the plural, the long u is shortened if, by adding -va, the nombers of moras is more than 3:
ruuvu ['ɾu:vu] = person
ruuvuru ['ɾu:vuɾu] = persons

The reason for the shortening of the last vowel is that after the stressed mora there can be no more than 3 moras: in the word naguutaa the stress is on the first u (na-gù-u-ta-a), and, since it is the fourth mora from the last, when adding the plural marker -va the moras after the stressed one would be four - which is not allowed; so, by shortening the last vowel, the moras after the stressed mora are no more than three: na-gù-u-ta-va

There are words that have a feminine ending in the singular but are masculine and take the plural masculine ending -va:
ga hahuu ['hahu:] = program
gana hahuuva ['hahu:va] = programs
Note that the article is masculine not only in the plural, but also in the singular, because the noun is inherently masculine.
This word has no shortening of the last vowel because even by adding the plural marker -va, the moras after the stressed mora are 3 - which is the highest numbers of moras allowed after the stressed mora, which is ha- (hà-hu-u-va)
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-16, 12:31, edited 6 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-25, 10:14

Indefinite articles

They are singular masculine and singular feminine:
Singular masculine: araa ['aɾa:]
Singular feminine: aruu ['aɾu:]



Adjectives

There are two major classes of adjectives (like in Italian):

a. Adjectives with four endings
masculine singular: -a / -aa
feminine singular: -u / -vu
masculine plural: -va (the long a is shortened in the plural if the stressed syllable has a long vowel)
feminine plural: -ru
Ex.
masc. sing.: taatura [ta:'tuɾa] = ancient
fem. sing.: taaturu [ta:'tuɾu]
masch. plur.: taaturava [ta:'tuɾava]
fem. plur.: taatururu [ta:'tuɾuɾu]

masc. sing.: aatuvanaa [ˌaːtuˈvanaː] = messy
fem. sing.: aatuvanavu [ˌaːtuˈvanavu]
masch. plur.: aatuvanaava [ˌaːtuˈvana:va]
fem. plur.: aatuvanaru [ˌaːtuˈvanaru]
The letter -v- in the feminine singular is inserted only in this case in order to avoid the succession of -a- and -u-. There are indeed words which have the succession au. The -a- before the feminine ending -vu is shortened in order to mantain the same number of moras of the masculine singular (this is a general rule).


b. Adjectives with two endings:
masculine and feminine singular: -u / -uu (the long u is shortened in the plural if the stressed sylable has a long vowel)
masculine and feminine plural: -va
Ex.
masc. and fem. sing.: utuvuu [u'tuvu:] = popular
masc. and fem. plur.: utuvuuva [u'tuvu:va] = popular

Example of the use of indefinite articles, nouns and adjectives
Aruu raahu taaturu (a.fem.sing / city.fem.sing / old.fem.sing) = an old city
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-12, 15:43, edited 2 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-26, 22:58

Personal pronouns

vaa ['va:] = I
naha ['naha] = you
raa ['ra:] = he (Italian: lui)
ruu ['ru:] = she (Italian: lei)
huura ['hu:ra] = we
ata ['ata] = you (pl.)
runaa ['runa:] = they (male and female) (Italian: loro)
nava ['nava] = they (m.) (Italian: essi)
nuru ['nuru] = they (f.) (Italian: esse)


Verbs

Since the Tunuvaa language has the same grammar of Italian, its verbal structure is that of Italian. But there is a difference in the number of conjugations: in Italian they are three, while in Tunuvaa there is only one conjugation. Some verbs undergo a reduction of the lengthening of the verbal desinence containing a long vowel, in order to respect the limit of three moras after the stressed syllable. If the reduction of the vowel length of the verbal ending is not sufficient to enforce this rule, then an accent shift occurs in the verbal theme.


ru (to have)

Indicative mood (it corresponds to Italian "modo indicativo"

Present (the stress is on ru-) (it corresponds to Italian "presente")

vaa rura = I have
naha ruvuu = you
raa / ruu runu = he / she has
huura rutuvu = we have
ata runara = you (pl.) have
runaa rurataa = they have

The personal endings are:
-ra
-vuu
-nu
-tuvu
-nara
-rataa
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-07, 23:03, edited 15 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-27, 8:42

Verbs

raavaara [ɾa:'va:ɾa] (to help)

Indicative mood

Present
raavaarara [ɾa:'va:ɾaɾa] = I help
raavaaravu [ɾa:'va:ɾavu] = you help (the u is shortened in order to respect the rule of three moras after the stressed syllable)
raavaaranu [ɾa:'va:ɾanu] = he / she helps
raavaaratuvu [ɾa:va:'ɾatuvu] = we help (shortened u)
raavaaranata [ɾa:va:'ɾanata] = you all help (shortened a)
raavaararataa [ɾa:va:'ɾarata:] = they help

The personal endings are:
-ra
-vu
-nu
-tuvu
-nara
-rataa

The desinence -vuu becomes -vu, so that after the stressed vowel there are no more than 3 unstressed vowels. In the plural, the stress shifts forward.
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-10, 9:25, edited 5 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-28, 14:16

Verbs

Indicative mood


Imperfect (Imperfect (it corresponds to imperfetto in Italian - temporal characteristic: -tu-)


ru = to have

rutura = (I) had (io avevo - in Italian)
rutuvuu = (you) had
rutunu = (he / she) had
rututuvu = (we) had
rutunara = (you all) had
ruturata = (they) had

The ending -rataa becomes -rata because of the rule of the three morae.


raavaara = to help

raavaaratura [ɾa:va:'ɾatuɾa] = I helped (io aiutavo - in Italian)
raavaaratuvuu [ɾa:va:'ɾatuvu:] = you helped
raavaaratunu [ɾa:va:'ɾatunu] = he / she helped
raavaaratutuvu [ɾa:va:'ɾatutuvu] = we helped
raavaaratunara [ɾa:va:'ɾatunara] = you (plural) helped
raavaaraturata [ɾa:va:'ɾaturata] = they helped

In the verb raavaara the stress shifts to the third syllable, because the shortening of the last vowel would not allow the verb to respect the rule of the three moras: raavàaratuvu would have 4 unstressed morae after the stressed a, even with a reduction of the last vowel of the desinence -vuu, so the shift is unavoidable.
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-02, 23:32, edited 7 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-28, 16:16

There are three possibilities in the behavior of the stress of the verbal root and the reduction of the last vowel of the verbal personal desinence. As an example of these possibilities, I will use the desinence of the second person singular of the indicative future, which is -ruvuu, and four verbs, which summarize these possibilities:

nunaa ['nuna:] (to put);
huunaa ['hu:na:] (to accumulate);
tuvu ['tuvu] (to steal);
taavu ['ta:vu] (to pay).

If we add the desinence -ruvuu to each verb, without any change in the stress and in the vowel length, we have:
a. nunaaruvuu ['nuna:ruvu:]
b. huunaaruvuu ['hu:na:ruvu:]
c. tuvuruvuu ['tuvuruvu:]
d. taavuruvuu ['ta:vuruvu:]

In this situation, the stress would be too far from the end of the word - there would be too much morae after the stressed vowel. So some sound change and stress shift have to take place.
The easiest situation is that of verb c. (tuvuruvuu): in order to respect the rule of no more than three moras after the stress, we have just to reduce the last vowel:
tuvuruvu ['tuvuruvu]

With the verb d.(taavuruvuu) the problem is that if I reduce the last vowel, there are still 4 moras after the stress, which is not allowed. So, in order to respect the rule we have to shift the stress from taa- to the second syllable -vu-:
taavuruvuu [taa'vuruvu:]
In this case, the shortening of the last wovel is not necessary.

With verbs a. and b., on the other hand, both a stress shift and a vowel reduction occur. Without any change, they would be:
nunaaruvuu ['nuna:ruvu:] (5 moras after the accent)
huunaaruvuu ['hu:na:ruvu:] (6 moras after the accent)
If we only shorten the last vowel, the problem is not overcome:
nunaaruvu ['nuna:ruvu] (4 moras after the accent)
huunaaruvu ['hu:na:ruvu] (5 moras after the stress)

It is therefore necessary to move the accent forward one syllable, while mantaining the shortened vowel of the personal desinence:
nunaaruvu [nu'na:ruvu] (3 moras after the accent)
huunaaruvu [hu:'na:ruvu] (3 moras after the stress)
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-13, 23:38, edited 4 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-29, 20:05

Tunuvaa is a mixed language: about 400 years ago, four different languages of four different language groups merged into one language. This happened because the population, who spoke the Tuuraha language and was fluent also in the languages called "language III" and "language IV" (we don't know their true names; the documents of that time report only "the other languages", "the dialects other than Tuuraha"), started to speak also the Hanuvaa language. The result was the formation, at the end of a process that lasted about 200 years, of the Tunuvaa language - a name which was probably derived by the juxtaposition of the first part of the syllable Tu- of "Tuuraha" and the syllables -nuvaa of the word "Hanuvaa". Words containing the letter g are derived from the Hanuvaa language.
We know exactly what was the original language to which each word of the Tunuvaa language belonged to, since a document of the late Tuuraha period reports a complete list of words indicating exactly the languages to which they originally belong to. However, the words in the lists had already undergone the phonetic changes that had adapted them to the phonological structure of the Tuuraha language.
T2 indicates a different document reporting only few words of the Tuuraha language that were not included in the main document.

legend:
T = Tuuraha language
T2 = document B Tuuraha language
H = Hanuvaa language
IIIL = third language
IVL = fourth language


VERBS

abuse, violate: v = natuna [naˈtuna] IIIL
accept: v = nunaha [nuˈnaha] IVL
achieve, accomplish, work (have desired result): v = vuravu [vuˈravu] H
act, behave: v = tahavaa [taˈhavaː] T
aim, attempt: v = nanatu [naˈnatu] H
argue: v = ahavuu [aˈvahuː] IVL
arrive, happen: v = havara [haˈvara] H
ask, inquire: v = uuha [ˈuːhaː] IVL
attack: v = hauu [ˈhauː] T
avoid: v = vuuraatu [vuːˈraːtu] IVL
avoid, avert: v = ruunahu [ruːˈnahu] IIIL
ban, prohibit, veto: v = rananaa [raˈnanaː] IIIL
be (permanent state): v = u [u] IIIL
be (permanent state), be (located): v = haa [haː] H
bite: v = hunatu [huˈnatu] T
blow: v = naanunu [naːˈnunu] IIIL
borrow, hire, rent: v = nuruna [nuˈruna] T
break, smash, snap, split, shatter, destroy: v = vuuna [ˈvuːna]T
breathe: v = vaatana [vaːˈtanaː] IVL
catch, capture, seize, notice: v = tuuvuuha [tuːˈvuːha] IVL
catch, grab, clutch, grasp, grip, intercept: v = nanuha [naˈnuha] IIIL
catch, capture, seize, intercept: v = ahava [aˈhava] T
catch, capture, seize, arrest, intercept: v = nunuga [nuˈnuga/] H
cause, induce, generate: v = vunaahuu [vuˈnaːhuː] T
chase: v = tunuvuu [tuˈnuvuː] IIIL
chase: v = huraavaa [huˈraːvaː] IVL
chase: v = taharu [taˈharu] T
chase: v = rahuhu [raˈhuhu] H
chew: v = rugaga [ruˈgaga] H
choose: v = aataana [aːˈtaːna] T
clear: v = uvuha [uˈvuha] T
come: v = taanu ['ta:nu] T2
compare, contrast: v = ruhaha [ruˈhaha] T
continue, keep, sustain: v = vuuga [ˈvuːga] H
complain: v = runaguu [ruˈnaguː] complain H
control: v = vavata [vaˈvata] T
cost: v = tuuhaa [ˈtuːhaː] IVL
count, calculate: v = varuutu [vaˈruːtu] IVL
count: v = anahuu [aˈnahuː] IIIL
cover: v = vaatuu [ˈvaːtuː] IIIL
crash, collide: v = nutuva [nuˈtuva] IVL
crush, grind, squash, crumble: v = navaha [naˈvaha] H
deal, haggle: v = naranu [naˈranu] H
decide, judge: v = tataana [taˈtaːna] T
defend, protect, guard: v = uvuna [uˈvuna] IIIL
describe: v = raatataa [raːˈtataː] IVL
deserve: v = ruhahu [ruˈhahu] IIIL
die: v = ruhaata [ru'ha:ta] T2
direct, conduct: v = taataanuu [taːˈtaːnuː] IIIL
doubt: v = narura [naˈrura] H
drag, tow: v = nuruha [nuˈruha] H
drain: v = vunutu [vuˈnutu] IVL
drift: v = ravata [raˈvata] T
drink: v = nuhunaa [nu'huna:] T2
drive, chase: v = uuruuha [uːˈruːha] IVL
earn: v = nunaavuu [nuˈnaːvuː] IIIL
eat: v = tuuhana [tu:'hana] T2
elect: v = nunura [nuˈnura] H
employ, enlist, recruit: v = haavaha [haːˈvaha] IVL
erase: v = huvava [huˈvava] H
establish: v = utatuu [uˈtatuː] IVL
expect, anticipate: v = hugavaa [huˈgavaː] H
experience: v = huuruu [ˈhuːruː] H
face, confront: v = ahuunu [aˈhuːnu] IVL
fear: v = vanuuhuru [vanu:'huru] T2
feel (perceive, sense), notice: v = nutuu [ˈnutuː] IIIL
fight, attack: v = tahahuu [taˈhahuː] IIIL
figure out, consider, understand, ponder: v = vuununa [vuːˈnuna] T
flow, leak = vuuhaha [vuːˈhaha] H
fly: v = hataa ['hata:] T2
focus, aim: v = nuutuu [ˈnuːtuː] H
fold: v = havutaa [haˈvutaː] T
frown: v = nuhuunaa [nuˈhuːnaː] IVL
get, obtain: v = haana [ˈhaːna] IVL
give: v = hanaava [ha'na:va] T2
go, leave (depart), pass: v = naaa [ˈnaːa] IVL
grasp, deduce: v = vavaa [ˈvavaː] IIIL
graduate: v = huunaahuu [huːˈnaːhuː] IIIL
grind: v = naahanaa [naːˈhanaː] IVL
grow, evolve: v = huuvu ['huːvu] H
have: v = ru [ru] T
have, possess: v = raa [raː] IVL
have sex: v = nata [ˈnata] aahana [aːˈhana] IIIL
hear: v = haruunu [ha'ru:nu] T2
help, assist: v = vuunu [ˈvuːnu] IIIL
help, assist: v = uuvu [ˈuːvu] T
help: v = raavaara [raːˈvaːra] H
hide, lurk: v = ranuhaa [raˈnuhaː] IIIL
hint, imply, indicate: v = uhaa [ˈuhaː] IIIL
hit: v = nuhuvataa [nuhu'vata:] T2
hold, support: v = vuuru [ˈvuːru] IIIL
hunt: v = ravaa [ˈravaː] T
hurt, injure: v = hanana [haˈnana] T
imagine, devise: v = nutuuru [nuˈtuːru] H
increase, expand: v = havuunu [haˈvuːnu] H
indicate: v = hunuuna [huˈnuːna] IVL
interrupt, interfere: v = tuhahuu [tuˈhahu:] IVL
invite: v = vahuuva [vaˈhuːva] IIIL
keep, store: v = ruva [ˈruva] IIIL
keep, accumulate: v = nunu [ˈnunu] T
kill: v = nuuhuraa [nu:'hura:] T2
know (facts): v = vaatuunu [va:'tu:nu] T2
laugh, giggle: v = hataha [haˈtaha] IVL
lay, deposit: v = huuhuuta [huːˈhuːta] H
lean, tilt : v = tararu [taˈraru]T
leave (let remain): v = naata [ˈnaːta] IVL
lend, loan: v = ruuhatu [ruːˈhatu] IVL
lie (on side, recline): huuvana [hu:'vana] T2
like: v = haanu [ˈhaːnu] IVL
like, love, admire: v = aara [ˈaːra] IIIL
like, enjoy: v = ruvaa ['ruvaː] T
like, admire: v = haruutuu [haˈruːtuː] H
live: v = taahuura [ta:'hu:ra] T2
lose: v = vaanaahuu [vaːˈnaːhuː] IVL
mention: v = ravugu [raˈvugu] H
might: v = naraa [ˈnaraː] T
mix, blend, combine: v = taahuva [taːˈhuva] IIIL
moan, sigh: v = vuutahu [vuːˈtahu] T
murder: v = nuraru [nuˈraru] IVL
name: v = anuhuu [aˈnuhuː] IVL
offend: v = naarahu [naːˈrahu] IVL
offend: v = hanaaru [haˈnaːru] H
open: v = naavu [ˈnaːvu] IIIL
open: v = haruu [ˈharuː] T
organize: v = haaraataa [haːˈraːtaː] H
own, possess: v = tunaa [ˈtunaː] IVL
own, possess: v = vunu [ˈvunu] H
pay: v = taavu [ˈtaːvu] T
pay: v = haanu ['haːnu] H
perform, behave: v = hahavu [haˈhavu] IVL
permit, enable: v = tuunaaha [tuːˈnaːha] T
play (have fun): v = anaa [ˈanaː] IIIL
please: v = ruguugu [ruˈguːgu] v. please H
pour, flow: v = huvuvu [huˈvuvu] IVL
pour, drain: v = natana [naˈtana] H
pray: v = taavava [taːˈvava] IVL
prepare, rehearse: v = vatanaa [vaˈtanaː] IIIL
prove: v = tahuuva [taˈhuːva] T
provide, cater: v = naataa [ˈnaːtaː] T(false friend)
put (place), set: v = nunaa ['nunaː] IIIL
put (place), put on: v = haata [ˈhaːta] H
rate: v = rataa ['rataː] H
realize: v = uvuunaa [uˈvuːnaː] IVL
receive, collect, earn, gather, reaccumulate: v = huunaa [ˈhuːnaː] T
record: v = nuuhagaa [nuːˈhagaː] H
reflect: v = ratanaa [raˈtanaː] H
regret, lament: v = taahuutu [taːˈhuːtu] T
remove, take out, deprive, take away, abolish: v = vuuu [ˈvuːu] IIIL
repeat, replicate: v = hurata [huˈrata] IIIL
respect, admire, worship: v = hutana [huˈtana] IIIL
return, go back : v = nuuhana [nuːˈhana] IIIL
review, analyze: v = ratuva [raˈtuva] IIIL
review: v = rarahu [raˈrahu] T
ride: v = vavuuna [vaˈvuːna] H
ring: v = rurunu [ruˈrunu] T
rise, lift: v = vatunu [vaˈtunu] IVL
run, work (function): v = raanaaru [raːˈnaːru] IVL
say, tell, state, confess: vatuu [ˈvatuː] H
see: v = tavuuna [ta'vu:na] T2
sell: v = nuraata [nuˈraːta] IVL
send, transfer: v = raaruu [ˈraːruː] T
sew: v = vanaru [vaˈnaru] IVL
shock, startle, surprise: v = nahunu [naˈhunu] T
show, demonstrate: v = uvaa ['uvaː] IIIL
sing: v = nuurahuuhu [ˌnuːraˈhuːhuː] IVL
sit: v = aana ['a:na] T2
sleep: v = hatuvaa [ha'tuva:] T2
smell (emit odor), stink: v = hunara [huˈnara] IVL
spell: v = huguta [huˈguta] H
spit, hiss: v = naahutu [naːˈhutu] IVL
stamp: v = vanavu [vaˈnavu] T
stand: v = vanuuhaara [vanu:ha:ra] T2
start, begin: v = huhaa [ˈhuhaː] IVL
start, begin: v = vunata [vuˈnata] IIIL
steal, rob: v = tuvu [ˈtuvu] IIIL
stretch: v = uunahaa [uːˈnahaː] IIIL
stretch: v = natuha [naˈtuha] T
suck, extract: v = ruruuru [ruˈruːru] T
suck: v = huvuuha [huˈvuːha] IIIL
support, brace: v = nara [ˈnara] IVL
swim: v = nanahuu [na'nahu:] T2
tear, rip: v = ranavu [raˈnavu] T
test: v = nahaava [naˈhaːvaː] IVL
test: v = hagaaga [haˈgaːga] H
think, believe, expect, ponder, imagine: v = hutu [ˈhutu] H
torture: v = navuguu [naˈvuguː] H
tread, step on: v = rahunu [raˈhunu] T
trick, deceive: v = nuhana [nuˈhana] IVL
try (attempt): v = huuguu ['huːguː] H
use, utilize: v = haruu [ˈharuː] IIIL
vomit: v = aanutava [a:nu'tava] T2
vote: v = rahuna [raˈhuna] IVL
vote, elect : v = narara [naˈrara] T
walk: v = aahaa [ˈaːhaː] T
want: v = ravuu [ˈravuː] IVL
warn: v = araaru [aˈraːru] IIIL
warn: v = anaha [aˈnaha] T
wave (salutation): v = hagaava [haˈgaːva] H
wonder: v = anahuu [aˈnahuː] IVL
wonder: v = navaaha [naˈvaːha] T
worry: v =hutuna [huˈtuna] IVL
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2023-07-16, 17:22, edited 7 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-09-30, 22:58

The past participle is formed by adding -ha to the verb:

Past present perfect (In Italian: Passato prossimo)

rura ruha = (I) have had
ruvuu ruha = (you) have had
runu ruha = (he / she) has had
rutuvu ruha = (we) have had
runara ruha = (you all) have had
rurataa ruha = (they) have had
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-02, 23:30, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-02, 20:13

For practical reasons, I give here the complete conjugation of the verb "ru" (to have). The verbal root is ru-, which doesn't change through the conjugation.
Since the Tunuvaa language has the same grammar of Italian, each tense is accompanied by the corresponding translation in Italian.



Indicative mood (Italian: modo indicativo)


Present (Italian: presente)

rura = (I) have (Italian: ho)
ruvuu = (you) have
runu = (he / she) has
rutuvu = (we) have
runara = (you) have
rurataa = (they) have


Past present perfect (Italian: Passato prossimo)

rura runa = (I) have had (italian: ho avuto)
ruvuu runa =
runu runa
rutuvu runa
runara runa
rurataa runa


Imperfect (Italian: imperfetto - temporal caracteristic -tu-)

rutura = (I) had (Italian: avevo)
rutuvuu =
rutunu
rututuvu
rutunara
ruturata


Remote past (Italian: passato remoto - temporal caracteristic temporale -nu-)

runura = (I) had (Italian: ebbi)
runuvuu
rununu
runutuvu
rununara
runurata


Future (Italian: futuro - infinitive+present)

rurura = (I) will have (Italian: avrò)
ruruvuu
rurunu
rurutuvu
rurunara
rururata


Future perfect (Italian: futuro anteriore)

rurura runa = (I) will have had (Italian: avrò avuto)
ruruvuu runa
rurunu runa
rurutuvu runa
rununara runa
rururata runa


Past perfect (Italian: Trapassato prossimo)

rutura runa = (I) had had (Italian: avevo avuto)
rutuvuu runa
rutunu runa
rututuvu runa
rutunara runa
ruturata runa


Preterite perfect (Italian: trapassato remoto)

runura runa = (I) had had (Italian: ebbi avuto)
runuvuu runa
rununu runa
runutuvu runa
rununara runa
runurata runa



Subjunctive mood (Italian: modo congiuntivo)


Present (caracteristic -ta-)

rutara = (that I) have (Italian: abbia)
rutavuu =
rutanu =
rutatuvu =
rutanara =
rutarata =


Imperfect (Italian: imperfetto, caracteristic: nu+ta)

runutara = (that I) had (Italian: avessi)
runutavu
runutanu
runutatuvu
runutanara
runutarata


Past (Italian: passato)

rutara runa = (that I) have had (Italian: abbia avuto)
rutavuu runa = che tu abbia avuto
rutanu runa =
rutatuvu runa =
rutanara runa =
rutarata runa =


past perfect (Italian: trapassato)

runutara runa = che io avessi avuto
runutavuu runa
runutanu runa
runutatuvu runa
runutanara runa
runutarata runa



Conditional mood (Italian: modo condizionale)


Present (-ru-)

rurunara = (I) would have (Italian: avrei)
rurunavu
rurunanu
rurunatuvu
rurunanara
rurunarata


Past

rurunara runa = (I) would have had (Italian: avrei avuto)
rurunavu runa
rurunanu runa
rurunatuvu runa
rurunanara runa
rurunarata runa


Imperative mood (Italian: modo imperativo)

ruhu! = have! (you singular) (Italian: abbi!)
ruhara! = have! (you plural) (Italian: abbiate!)



Participle mood (Italian: modo participio)


Present (caracteristic: -ru- / -r-)

ruru = having (singular masculine and feminine) (Italian: avente)
rurava = having (plural masculine and feminine) (Italian: aventi)


Past (caracteristic: -ha-; Italian: participio passato)

runa = had (masculine singular) (Italian: avuto)
runava = had (masculine plural) (Italian: avuti)
runu = had (feminine singular) (Italian: avuta)
runuru = had (feminine plural) (Italian: avute)



Gerundive (Italian: gerundio)


Present

ruvuu = having (Italian: avendo)


Past

ruvuu runa (having had) (Italian: avendo avuto)



Infinitive mood (Italian: modo infinito)


Present

ru (Italian: avere)

Past
ru runa= having had (Italian: avere avuto)
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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-09, 0:16

Personal pronouns (in brackets I write the Italian corresponding forms)


Subject

vaa = I (io)
naha = you (tu)
ara = he (egli)
aruu = she (ella)
raa = he (lui)
ruu = she (lei)
ana = it / he (esso)
anu = it / she (essa)
huura = we (noi)
ata = you (voi)
runaa = they (loro)
nava = they (essi)
nuru = they (esse)


Atonic

Indirect (dative)
va = to me (mi)
na = to you (ti)
ra = to him / to it (gli)
ru = to her / to it (le)
hura = to us (ci)
ta = to you (vi)
runa = to them (loro / gli)

Direct (accusative)
vu = me (mi)
nu = you (ti)
rana = him / it (lo)
runu = her (la)
huru = us (ci)
tu = you (vi)
rava = them (li)
ruru = them (le)

Tonic
Direct (accusative and prepositional)
vatu = me (me)
natu = you (te)
raa = him (lui)
ruu = her (lei)
huura = us (noi)
ata = you (voi)
runaa = them (loro)



Possessives (Possessivi)
my = vaata - vaatu - vaatava - vaaturu (mio - mia - miei - mie)
your = nahuta - nahutu- nahutava - nahuturu (tuo - tua - tuoi - tue)
his / her = nata - natu - natava - naturu (suo - sua - suoi - sue)
our = huurata - huuratu - huuratava - huuraturu (nostro - nostra - nostri - nostre)
your = atata - atatu - atatava - ataturu (vostro - vostra - vostri - vostre)
their = runaa (loro)

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-10, 16:02

Nouns

Since Tunuvaa is a mixed language, all its nouns, like its verbs, derive from the four different languages I talked about in the previous post about verbs - ​​which we can trace back thanks to a document of 200 years ago which was found in the Raavuna region, in the city of Tahaaru. The ipa transcription is either [this way] or /this way/.

legend:
T = Tuuraha language
T2 = document B Tuuraha language
H = Hanuvaa language
IIIL = third language
IVL = fourth language

accent (of language) = hanuga [haˈnuga] H
accent (of language) = nuuaha [nuːˈaha] III
accident = raavunaa [raːˈvunaː] T
afternoon = taahara [taːˈhara] IV
air, breeze = hugu [ˈhugu] H
altitude = naavu [ˈnaːvu] H
altitude = turu [ˈturu] III
ambition = huuvu [ˈhuːvu] III
analysis = hataagutuu [hataːˈgutuː] H
anger = ˌnahuvaru [nahuˈvaru] III
angle : n = aaraataa [aːˈraːtaː] IV
animal = utanahaa [uta'naha:] T2
answer : n = huhanu [huˈhanu] IV
appearance (looks) = taau [ˈtaːu] IV
area, region (territory) = taavu [ˈtaːvu] III
area, region (territory) = taaru [ˈtaːru] IV
arm = tuuha [ˈtuːha] III
armor = nm = tunuru [tuˈnuru] T
armor = vahuhu [vaˈhuhu] H
armory = ˌturuvahuu [turuˈvahuː] IV
army = vanuva [vaˈnuva] III
army, military = vahana [vaˈhana] IV
arrow (weapon) = nuvahu [nuˈvahu] III
art = hanunu [haˈnunu] T
article (text) = hatuuta [haˈtuːta] III
ash = nuhaavaa [nu'ha:va:] T2
assassin = runuha [ruˈnuha] T
athlete : n = uˈvahaːIV
average = haaharu [haːˈharu] T
back (of body) = naahu [ˈnaːhu] T
back (of body) = vuuru [ˈvuːru] H
backpack = haraa tuuraavaa [ˈharaː tuːˈraːvaː] IV
bag, suitcase = tuuraavuu [tuːˈraːvuː] IV
balcony = nanuuha [naˈnuːha] H
band (musical group) = ruraavuu [ruˈraːvuː] T
band (musical group) = huraru [huˈraru] IV
bank = tuhuu [ˈtuhuː] T
barbecue = ravuva [raˈvuva] huugahaa [huːˈgahaː] H
bark = nuutaaha [nu:'ta:ha] T2
bath = rua [ˈrua] III
bean = ratura [raˈtura] T
bedroom : n = aatuta [aːˈtuta] III
bedroom = raanata [raːˈnata] H
bee = taharu [taˈharu] IV
beer = tanaavuu [taˈnaːvuː] T
belief = tatuuraa [taˈtuːraː] T
belly = ruhaanaa [ru'ha:na:] T2
bench = ravaanuu [raˈvaːnuː] IV
berry = tuuturu [tuːˈturu] T
bird = anuura [a'nu:ra] T2
bit = tunava [tuˈnava] T
blood = uuta [ˈuːta] IV
bone = aavaata [a:va:ta] T2
book = taahuraa [ta:'hura:] T2
boot = nuurana [nuːˈrana] H
bow (decorative material) = raahura [raːˈhura] H
bow (decorative material) = nahara [naˈhara] IV
box, crate = naranuu [naˈranuː] IV
breast = nuvaga [nuˈvaga] H
brick = ruutuuha [ruːˈtuːha] IV
bridge = nuunana [nuːˈnana] T
bug (insect) = vatavuu [vaˈtavuː] T
building = huunuuta [huːˈnuːta] T
building = vaavuvaahaa [vaːvuˈvaːhaː] H
bulb (plant root) = ruunaahaa [ruːˈnaːhaː] IV
butter = havaata [haˈvaːta] III
button (pushbutton) = nuvana [nuˈvana] T
button (pushbutton) = havuura [haˈvuːra] III
button (pushbutton) = vahuunaa [vaˈhuːnaː] IV
cabbage = raaha [ˈraːha] nunuta [nuˈnuta] IV
cafe = huraauu [huˈraːuː] naaa [ˈnaːa] T
candy = ataanu [aˈtaːnu] T
care = ruunuu [ˈruːnuː] III
carpet, rug = vaaraahaa [vaːˈraːhaː] IV
cart, wagon = nuuvutu [nuːˈvutu] H
cat = nahuura [naˈhuːra] IV
cat = naguutaa [naˈguːtaː] H
cat = tutava [tuˈtava] T
cat = rununaa [ruˈnunaː] III
cauldron = vuhuunaa [vuˈhuːnaː] IV
cave = haahuu [ˈhaːhuː] T
century = nuuvuuva [nuːˈvuːva] T
century = tuuvaa [ˈtuːvaː] IV
character = naatavaa [naːˈtavaː] T
chemical = naatuuruu [naːˈtuːruː] H
chest = vahahaa [vaˈhahaː] III
chicken = tanuhu [taˈnuhu] T
chief = raharaa [raˈharaː] IV
child = unataa [u'nata:] T2
choice = ruurahaanu [ˌruːraˈhaːnu] IV
circle = hururaa [huˈruraː] H
citadel = uvaanuu [uˈvaːnuː] T
city = raahu ['raːhu] H
claw = rahaataa [ra'ha:ta:] T2
cloak = varaata [vaˈraːta] H
cloud = utaanuu [u'ta:nu:] T2
comb = vavuuha [vaˈvuːha] T
comfort = uurana [uːˈrana] T
committee, tribunal = vaarava [vaːˈrava] III
community = tunu [ˈtunu] III
community = nuunu [ˈnuːnu] IV
company = araahu [aˈraːhu] IV
complain = runaguu [ruˈnaguː] H
condition (requirement, stipulation) = varuu [ˈvaruː] T
condition (requirement, stipulation) = nutuu [ˈnutuː] IV
confidence = tarunaanuu [ˌtaruˈnaːnuː] IV
copper, bronze = aahunaa [aːˈhunaː] III
cord = ruhatu [ruˈhatu] IV
cork = navana [naˈvana] IV
cost = haharataa [ˌhahaˈrataː] H
cotton = avuuva [aˈvuːva] IV
country (rural area) = raavuu [ˈraːvuː] T
course (direction of travel), direction (way) = ataaru [aˈtaːru] III
cow = vuraatu [vuˈraːtu] H
credit (recognition) = naahara [naːˈhara] T
credit (recognition) = taruuvaa [taˈruːvaː] III
credit (recognition) = huhuha [huˈhuha] H
credit (of money) = nanaga [naˈnaga] H
culture = haara [ˈhaːra] III
curtain = nataanuu [naˈtaːnuː] H
damage = hahura [haˈhura]III
darkness = uuraru [uːˈraru]III
date = unuvuu [uˈnuvuː] II
date = raagaahu [raːˈgaːhu] H
daughter = taanuuvu [taːˈnuːva] T
daughter = hahanu [haˈhana] III
day = hahaa [ˈhahaː] H
dealer = tanuhuuraa [ˌtanuˈhuːraː] III
decade = vutuu naaruunu [ˈvutaː naˈruːnu]/ H
description = ranahatuu [ˌranaˈhatuː] H
detail = nanata [naˈnata] IV
device = naarava [naːˈrava] H
diamond = ratuha [raˈtuha] H
difference = naravu [naˈravu] H
dog = ruutaa [ˈruːtaː] T
dog = uunaa [ˈuːnaː] III
dog = rutaaha [ruˈtaːha] IV
dog = nuraana [nuˈraːna] H
drawing = vuvahuuta [ˌvuvaˈhuːta] T
dream = naahava /naːˈhava/ H
ear = nuuhuha [nuːˈhuha] IV
earring = huuvaata [huːˈvaːta] nuuhuha [nuːˈhuha] IV
earth = tutu [ˈtutu] III
education = haavuu [ˈhaːvuː] H
egg = nunura [nu'nura] T2
elbow = haavaa [ˈhaːvaː] T
elevation = hahatu [haˈhatu] T
employee = vuutaa [ˈvuːtaː] IV
employee = huuvuvaa [huːˈvuvaː] T
employer = rahaanana /ˌrahaːˈnana/ H
end = rahugu /raˈhugu/ H
enemy = huata [huˈata] T
enemy = haanutaa [haːˈnutaː] IV
erection = raaratuu [raːˈratuː] IV
exam = aahaara [aːˈhaːra] III
excrement = tatana [taˈtana] IV
experiment = rutana [ruˈtana] H
experiment = raanavaa [raːˈnavaː] T
eye = aavuuraa [a:'vu:ra:] IV
eyeball = vaha [ˈvaha] aavuuraa [aːˈvuːruː]IV
eyelash = vuurutaa [vuːˈrutaː] haaraa [ˈhaːraː] III
family (children and parents) = aahatu [aːˈhatu] IV
fat (component in food) : nf = turaa [ˈturaː] T
father = ruhataa [ru'hata:] T2
feather = nuraavuu [nu'ra:vu:] T2
feeling = nuhuu [ˈnuhuː] T
felony = taaa [ˈtaːa] urunuraa [ˌuruˈnuruː] T
female = ahunu [aˈhunu IV
finger, toe = uuva [ˈuːva] IV
finger = vuaa [ˈvuaː] H
fingernail = naahatu [na:'hatu] T2
fire = nataataa [naˈtaːtaː] III
fish = uutaava [uːˈtaːva] III
flesh = vuuratu [vu:'ratu] T2
flood, tide = tavaatuu [taˈvaːtuː] T
florist = atahataa [ˌataˈhataː] IV
flour = varanuu [vaˈranuː] III
flower = huuhahaa /huːˈhahaː/ H
food, meal = tura [ˈtura] III
fool = vuutunaa [vuːˈtunuː] III
foot = ruvaa [ˈruvaː] IV
forehead, brow = nunanu /nuˈnanu/ H
forest = runuruu [ru'nuru:] T2
fort, castle = uuhavaa [uːˈhavaː] T
forest = vuutagavuu /vuːtaˈgavuː/ H
fowl = nuuhava [nuːˈhava] III
frog = vataaruu [vaˈtaːruː] III
frost = haatuhatu [ˌhaːtuˈhatu] IV
fruit = tanaaruu [ta'na'ru:] T2
game = taraa [ˈtaraː] III
gap = ranuna /raˈnuna/ H
gardener = tutunana [ˌtutuˈnana] T
girlfriend = nanaanu [naˈnaːnu] III
glass = aavana [aːˈvana] IV
glove = ruuruna /ruːˈruna/ H
grass = vatunuruu [vatu'nuru:] T2
greed = vuuhuu [ˈvuːhuː] IV
grocer = nunutuhaa [ˌnunuˈtuhaː] IV
group = naaa [ˈnaːa] III
growth = hanuvu [haˈnuvu] T
growth = navutuu [naˈvutuː] IV
guess = aavu [ˈaːvu] T
guts = nuharuva [nuha'ruva] T2
hag (old woman) = ahahaa [aˈhahaː] T
hair (of head), hair (of body) = unaa [ˈunaː] T
hand = nuru [ˈnuru] T
happiness = raataanu [raːˈtaːnu] H
harbor = nuuhara [nuːˈhara] IV
head = vuunu ['vu:nu] T2
heart = aavunaa [a:'vuna:] T2
height, altitude = haaraavu [haːˈraːvu] IV
hell = uurata [uːˈrata] IV
hint = nanunuuraa [ˌnanuˈnuːraː] T
hint = uhaara [uˈhaːra] III
history = nutaatu [nuˈtaːtu] H
holiday = naanahavu [naːna'havu] IV
horn = taraatu [taˈraːtu] IV
horn = nuhuunuva /nuhuː'nuva/ H
horse = taarataa [taːˈrataː] III
hospital = hanuva [haˈnuva] IV
house, home, tribe = ruunuunu [ruːˈnuːnu] T
human = uhuuna [uˈhuːna] IV
husband = ruraa [ˈruraː] III
husband = nauuha [naˈuːha] H
idiot = ranuura [raˈnuːra] IV
image, appearance (looks), icon: nuraanavu /nuraː'navu/ H
impulse = vanana [vaˈnana] III
information, data = vaatuu /ˈvaːtuː/ H
ink = natuuga /naˈtuːga/ H
interest = vuna [ˈvuna] T
interior = tataavaara [ˌtataːˈvaːra] III
interview = huunutuu [huːˈnutuː] III
issue = rata [ˈrata] T
item = vanaaa [vaˈnaːa] T
jar = anara [aˈnara] III
job = ruuha [ˈruːha] T
jungle = ataahu [aˈtaːhu] III
justice = naruru [naˈruru] T
key = haaharuu [haːˈharuː] IV
key = huurunu [huːˈrunu] III
kind, type = vuuhaa [ˈvuːhaː] IV
king = aataa [ˈaːtaː] III
kitchen = vutavu [vu'tavu] T
knee = uranaa [u'rana:] T2
knife = nuunuuva [nuːˈnuːva] T
knot = huuhuna [huːˈhuna] III
land = vaahavu [vaː'havu] IV
law = naanatu /naːˈnatu/ H
lawyer = nanaana [naˈnaːna] T
leader = raruna [raˈruna] T
leaf = navuruu [na'vuru:] T2
leg = haanutuu [ha:'nutu:] T2
lesson = vunaavu /vuˈnaːvu/ H
letter (of an alphabet) = taanaruu [taːˈnaruː] III
lie = nuugaru /nuːˈgaru/ H
life (lifetime) = uuru [ˈuːru] III
line = nugaa /ˈnugaː/ H
linen = ruvugu /ruˈvugu/ H
list = naahuunu [naːˈhuːnu] III
list = vuutu [ˈvuːtu] T
liver = ahuunaa [a'hu:na:] T2
lizard = vaavatu [vaːˈvatu] III
loop = raahaa [ˈraːhaː] T
loop = vunaava [vuˈnaːva] III
lounge = havaahuu [haˈvaːhuː] H
louse = ruvataa [ru'vata:] T2
lover = tuvaana [tuˈvaːna] T
magazine = runuuvu [ruˈnuːvu] H
man = huutuna [hu:'tuna] T2
manager = vaahanaana [ˌvaːhaˈnaːna] T
manager = ruutaana /ruːˈtaːna/ H
mansion = naatataaguu /naːtaˈtaːguː/ H
mansion = ruhunu [ruˈhunu] III
market, mall = vaataa [ˈvaːtaː] T
mask = vauunu [vaˈuːnu] III
mask = taanaru [taːˈnaru] IV
mass = huvutu [huˈvutu] H
match (game), contest = nuguvu [nuˈguvu] H
mathematics = tunanavu [tuna'navu] III
matter (material) = raatuuvu [raːˈtuːvu] IV
meat = runaatuu [ru'na:tu:] T2
medicine = vuvu [ˈvuvu] IV
memory = ˌvuuhaaturu [vuːhaːˈturu] III
metal = hutura [huˈtura] T
middle class = naanuuvu [naːˈnuːvu[ huuguuruu [huːˈguːruː] H
midnight = vuruhu [vuˈruhu] vavuu [ˈvavuː] IV
money = vavu [ˈvava] T
monster = aanunaa [aːˈnunaː] T
monster = arura [aˈrura] III
moss = vuhanaa [vuˈhanaː] T
mother = tanuuruu [ta'nu:ru:] T2
motor : n = naura [naˈuraː] III
mountain, hill = vuuvatuu [vuːˈvatuː] H
mouse = vuuvaana [vuːˈvaːna] T
mouse = naahaaa [naːˈhaːa] III
mouth = uvanaruu [uva'naru:] T2
muscle = naaravaa [naːˈravaː] III
music = avuunu [aˈvuːnu] T
music, song = haravu [haˈravu] H
nail = avaaha [aˈvaːha] T
name = uutaravaa [u:ta'rava:] T2
nation = hunuu [ˈhunu:] T
neck = tuutava [tu:'tava] T2
need = hahaa [ˈhahaː] IV
need = nagua [ˈnaga] H
needle = nahunaa [naˈhunaː] H
nephew = naahaaha [naːˈhaːha] nephew H
nerve = nahaha [naˈhaha] T
nerve = huhaaa [huˈhaːu] H
nest = haanata [haːˈnata] T
nest = nuuraa [ˈnuːraː] III
night = naanaavu [na:'na:vu] T2
nose = tarunaa [ta'runa:] T2
note = naavaatu [naːˈvaːtu] H
notebook = uuhuuna [uːˈhuːna] naraa [ˈnaraː] III
object, thing, matter (substance, material) = vaavata [vaːˈvatu] H
offer = utuuru [uˈtuːru] III
offer = huhuu [ˈhuhu] IV
officer = uutaa [ˈuːtaː] III
opinion = aanuutuu [aːˈnuːtuː] III
ornament, accessory = naravaa [naˈravaː] IV
owner = raraanana [ˌraraːˈnana] T
page = tuvahu [tuˈvahu] III
pain = naanunaa [naːˈnunaː] H
paradise = utana [uˈtana] T
parcel, package, bundle = hatuna [haˈtuna] T
parcel, package, bundle = ahana [aˈhana] IV
parcel, package, bundle = vuutaaa [vuːˈtaːa] III
parent = tuuruha [tuːˈruhu] III
parent = ruuhuva [ruː'huva] H
park = nuvaataa [nuˈvaːtaː] IV
part = nahana /naˈhana/ H
part = ava [ˈava] IV
part = avaa [ˈavaː] III
path, track, avenue = ranaataa [raˈnaːtaː] T
path, track = tuvata [tuˈvata] IV
peace, harmony, melody = nanuru /naˈnuru/ H
peace, harmony = tavatu [taˈvatu] III
pen = vatahuu [vaˈtahuː] H
pencil = varahu [vaˈrahu] T
peninsula = naavuuravu ]naːvuː'ravu] hahuhu [haˈhuhu] IV
perception = tutaau [tuˈtaːu] T
person = ruuvu [ˈruːvu] T
picture, image = unuu [ˈunuː] IV
pig = tuuhava [tuːˈhava] IV
plan, program = naganu /naˈganu/ H
plant = ruruhuu [ruˈruhuː] IV
pleasure = naavahuuna [ˌnaːvaˈhuːna] IV
politician = taahuutaa [taːˈhuːtaː] IV
possibility = vunaavuu [vuˈnaːvuː] IV
potato = vaatu hatuuhu /ˈvaːtu haˈtuːhu/ H
pottery = nanutuu [naˈnutuː] vatatuu [vaˈtatuː] IV
powder = uraavu [uˈraːvu] IV
preparation = haahautuu /ˌhaːhaˈutuː/ H
present (time) = urata [uˈrata] T
prince = ruuna [ˈruːna] ruraa [ˈruraː] T
prisoner = hatavuruva [ˌhatavu'ruva] III
program = hahuu /ˈhahuː/ H
protection = uuuruu [uːˈuruː] T
puppy = ruutuuta [ruːˈtuːta] T
purpose = ranuutaa [raˈnuːtaː] T
puzzle, mystery = nuurunaa [nuːˈrunaː] III
race, ethnicity = raranuu /raˈranuː/ H
rain = vuvuranuu [vuvu'ranu:] T2
rank (position) = hatavaa /haˈtavaː/ H
reason, logic = vaaru [ˈvaːra] T
recognition = ruugutaa /ruːˈgutaː/H
record (written account) = tatuhuva [tatu'huva] T
referendum = taruha [taˈruha] III
reflection = ahuaaruu [ˌahuˈaːruː] T
reflection = huuharunu [ˌhuːhaˈrunu] IV
religion = tahaaruu [taˈhaːruː] T
repetition = nuunavutuu /ˌnuːnaˈvutuː/ H
reservation = haagavu /haːˈgavu/ H
response = vuunuhaaru [ˌvuːnuˈhaːru] III
reversal = vunuvuu [vuˈnuvuː] III
right, entitlement : n = hunuva [hu'nuva] III
risk, hazard =ruhura [ruˈhura] IV
river, stream, current = naanaa /ˈnaːnaː/ H
rod, shaft, pole = raahaatu [raːˈhaːtu] IV
romance = rahuu naavuutu /ˈrahuː naːˈvuːtu/ H
roof, ceiling = navaana [naˈvaːna] III
room (space) = aaha [ˈaːha] III
root = vanutu [vaˈnutu] H
rope = haanuru [ha:'nuru] T2
runner = huvuna [huˈvuna] T
runner = hutuuraa [huˈtuːraː] III
sadness, = tatuvu [taˈtuvu] IV
sailor = nuhatuutaa [ˌnuhaˈtuːtaː] IV
sailor = vaguuvana [ˌvaguːˈvana] H
salt = ruununa [ruːˈnuna] H
sand = urarahuu [ura'rahu:] T2
scene = vahaatuu [vaˈhaːtuː] H
sand = tuhaanu [tuˈhaːnu] T
scale (instrument for weighing) = ratavu [raˈtavu] IV
scale (skin of reptiles) = naaturu [naːˈturu] IV
science = tuturu [tuˈturu] III
secret, mystery = anuuva [aˈnuːva] T
seed = runahaa [ru'naha:] T2
sense = vavaga [vaˈvaga] H
series = atunavu [atu'navu] IV
servant = araha [aˈraha] T
service = vaanaataa [vaːˈnaːtaː] H
shadow = haavutu /haːˈvutu/ H
shark = vuhutaa [vuˈhutaː] H
shark = raruna [raˈruna] IV
sheep = tavuvu [taˈvuvu] T
shell = ruruta [ruˈruta] H
shit = rahuunuu [raˈhuːnuː] III
shoulder = vututu [vuˈtutu] T
sickness = ranuuvu /raˈnuːvu/ H
sign, signal, symptom, alarm = haanaa [ˈhaːnaː] III
silence = tuuhavara [ˌtuːhaˈvara] III
situation (circumstance, context) = uunahuu [uːˈnahuː] IV
size, capacity = nahunuu [naˈhunuː] IV
skill = nutaanu [nuˈtaːnu] T
skin, fur = vavaaru [vaˈvaːru] IV
sleep = uuhavu [uːˈhavu] III
slope, slant = vuuguu /ˈvuːguː/ H
smoke = tuurunaa [tu:'runa:]
snake = ruuvava [ru:'vava] T2
snow = huuhaavu [huːˈhaːvu] III
society = nuuvutu [nuːˈvutu] IV
soil = ravaata /raˈvaːta/ H
sorrow = raataavu [raːˈtaːvu] III
soul = taruuvuu [taˈruːvuː] T
source, fountain, resource = avuu [ˈavuː] III
south = vahaa ['vaha:] T
south = natata [naˈtata] IV
space (empty area), room (space) = raaranaa /raːˈranaː/ H
spear, lance = vahuru [vaˈhuru] T
spell (of magic) = vatuuta [vaˈtuːta] T
spell (of magic) = narana [naˈrana] III
sponge = nunu /ˈnunu/ H
sport = vuhata [vuˈhata] IV
sport = huuvaaraa [huːˈvaːraː] III
stamp = tuutataa [tuːˈtataː] IV ?
stamp = natuhuuna /ˌnatuˈhuːna/ H
stamp = tuhururaa [ˌtuhuˈrura:] III
star = huraavuu [hu'ra:vu:] T2
stick = haanutaa [ha:'nuta:] T2
stitch = hanuuvaa /haˈnuːvaː/ H
stone = nuutavuu [nu:'tavu:] T2
strategy (plan) = huururuu [huːˈruruː] T
strength = huutaatu [huːˈhaːtu] T
student = ruuta [ˈruːta] III
study = rananana [ˌranaˈnana] IV
stump = havahaa [haˈvahaː] IV
style = vuvuta [vuˈvuta] IV
suburb = aavara [aːˈvara] III
suggestion = haanaararu [ˌhaːnaːˈraru] III
sun = haana [ˈhaːna] III
sword = nuhavuu /nuˈhavuː/ H
table = anuuhu [aˈnuːhu] III
tail = haratu [haˈratu] IV
tax = ahuu [ˈahuː] T
tax, tarif = haanuu /ˈhaːnuː/ H
technology = vuvunavu /vuvu'navu/ H
technology = ruuruvuu [ruːˈruvuː] III
tension = tanavuuhu [ˌtanaˈvuːhu] IV
text = taananaa [taːˈnanaː] T
text, document = vanuha [vaˈnuha] III
theater = runura [ruˈnura] III
theory = rahahu [raˈhahu] T
theory, thesis = naguvu /naˈguvu/ H
ticket = ruuvaa [ˈruːvaː] III
tide = vanugu [vaˈnugu] H
time = huuva [ˈhuːva] T
tire = nagaanuu /naˈgaːnuː/ H
tomb, grave = haguhavu /hagu'havu/ H
tongue (anatomy) = naavutu [na:'vutu] T2
tool, appliance = nanuva [naˈnuva] III
tooth, beak = huvana [huˈvana] IV
top (clothing) = hanava [haˈnava] IV
top (clothing) = vavata /vaˈvata/ H
top (clothing) = vuuaa [ˈvuːaː] T
top, mountain = naavaaruu [naːˈvaːruː] T
torch, candle, lamp = nahahu [naˈhahu] III
trader = ruuruuna [ruːˈruːna] T
trader = nunuutaaraa [ˌnunuːˈtaːraː] III
trail = naruuvaa [naˈruːvaː] H
tree = runahutaa [runa'huta:] T2
triangle = vaanava taruutaa [vaːˈnava taˈruːtaː] III
truth = tanuuhuu [taˈnuːhuː] IV
turtle = hataatuu havuru [haˈtaːtuː haˈvuru] T
uncle = vaavura [vaːˈvura] IV
uncle = vavuna [vaˈvuna] III
use = haruura [haˈruːra] III
value = haaturataa /ˌhaːtuˈrataː/ H
victory = vuunatuu /vuːˈnatuː/ H
village = ruura uuta [ˈruːra ˈuːtu] III
volume = nuutata [nuːˈtata] IV
waist = nuraruu [nuˈraruː] III
war = hanu [ˈhanu] IV
water = ruruu [ˈruruː] IV
web, net = tatutu [taˈtutu] III
week = hahaa [ˈhahaː] III
weight = naanuura [naːˈnuːra] IV
wife = tavatuu [ta'vatu:] T2
wildlife = nuhunu ruutu [nuˈhunu ˈruːtu] T
wing = unauuru [una'u:ru] T2
winter = vatana [vaˈtana] IV
wire = taatuuhaa [taːˈtuːhaː] IV
wolf = nahuna [naˈhuna] III
woman = ahutuu [a'hutu:] T2
wood, pole = uvaata [uˈvaːta] III
wool, fur = nataatu [naˈtaːtu] IV
word = raatu [ˈraːtu] IV
work = raha [ˈraha] III
worker = nuunura [nuːˈnura] III
worm = huutata [huːˈtata] IV
worm = ragunuva /ragu'nuva/ H
wound, scar : n = nuhunu [nuˈhunu] III
yesterday = nuguga hahaa /nuˈguga ˈhahaː/ H
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-22, 23:54, edited 5 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-11, 14:09

I summarize the nominal system here.

The masculine singular has termination in -a or in -aa, while the feminine singular terminates in -u or in -uu.
The ending of the plural masculine is -va, which is added to the singular: -ava /-aava.
The desinence of the plural is -ru, which is added to the singular: -uru / -uuru.
Examples:
haratu [ha'ratu] (tail) - haraturu [ha'raturu] (tails)
vuunatuu [vu:'natu:] (victory) - vuunatuuru [vu:'natu:ru] (victories)


However, if the accent were to fall on the fifth to last mora, then the double "a" or "u" become single . Example:
the plural of taatuuhaa [ta:'tu:ha:] (wire) is not taatuuhaava [ta:'tu:ha:va], but rather taatuuhava [ta:'tu:hava] (wires) with the shortening of the final vowel -aa, so as to comply with the rule that there cannot be more than three morae after the accent.

There are also numerous desinences that, as is the case in Italian, serve to alter the noun:
augmentative, diminutive, affectionate, pejorative. I now provide a series of some of the desinences used to alter a noun:
-uuh- (augmentative)
-aat- (diminutive)
-ag- (affectionate - endearment)
-an- (pejorative)
These desinences are stressed. They are attached to the root of the word

Examples:
vuuvatuu [vu:'vatu:]= mountain
Root: vuuvat-
vuuvatuuhuu [vu:va'tu:hu:]= big mountain
vuuvataatuu [vu:va'ta:tu:] = little mountain
vuuvataguu [vu:va'tagu:] = dear mountain
vuuvatanuu [vu:va'tanu:] = bad mountain
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-11, 21:16, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby linguoboy » 2022-10-11, 17:45

Massimiliano B wrote:There are also numerous desinences that, as is the case in Italian, serve to alter the noun:
augmentative, diminutive, affectionate, pejorative. I now provide a series of some of the desinences used to alter a noun:
-uuh- (augmentative)
-aat- (diminutive)
-ag- (affectionate - endearment)
-an- (pejorative)
These desinences are stressed. They are attached to the root of the word

Examples:
vuuvatuu [vu:'vatu:]= mountain
Root: vuuvat-
vuuvatuuhuu [vu:va'tu:ru:]= big mountain
vuuvataatuu [vu:va'ta:tu:] = little mountain
vuuvataguu [vu:va'ta:vu:] = dear mountain
vuuvatanuu [vu:va'tanu:] = bad mountain

Do they stack/concatenate? How does that affect the stress pattern?
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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-12, 8:24

linguoboy wrote:Do they stack/concatenate? How does that affect the stress pattern?



I would have liked to add, in my post, some explanations regarding the behavior of the accent. But I forgot to do.
As I wrote in the post, noun-altering endings are always accented.
Regarding the formation of the plural, however, the same rules apply as for unaltered nouns:
e.g.
vuuvataatuu [vu:va'ta:tu:] (corresponding to "montagnina" in Italian) in the plural becomes vuuvataaturu [vu:va'ta:turu], with a shortening of the last long vowel uu, to comply with the rule of a maximum of three morae allowed after the accent.

Regarding to the possibility of concatenating more than one altering desinences, the answer is this: since this is possible in Italian, it must also be possible in Tunuvaa.
Just as in Italian I can say "librettino," that is, I can add to "libro" ("book") the desinences -etto and -ino - with the stress on the second desinence (and that means that the book, in addition to being of little artistic value - or dear to me - is also small in size) in the same way this must be possible in Tunuvaa.
Some of the four desinences I indicated above can go together, in some combinations.
For example, in Italian we can say "omaccione" (a big, strong and bad guy): in Tunuvaa it is huutunanuuha [hu:tuna'nu:ha] (huutun-an-uuh-a): -an- corresponds to -accio (pejorative suffix) in Italian, and -uuh- to -one (augmentative suffix), from huutuna [hu:'tuna] "man". The stress is on the second desinence -uuh-. The last vowel -a goes at the end, after all the desinences, like in Italian.
I will now try to translate "librettino" into Tunuvaa:
taahuraa [ta:'hu:ra:] (book) becomes taahurunaataa [ta:huru'na:ta:]: -un- corresponds to Italian -etto (pejorative suffix) and -aat- to Italian -ino (diminutivo suffix) .
The last long vowel -aa goes at the end, after all the desinences, like in Italian.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-13, 14:10

Adjectives

Tunuvaa is a mixed language. Here are the source languages of its adjectives:

legend:
T = Tuuraha language
T2 = document B Tuuraha language
H = Hanuvaa language
IIIL = third language
IVL = fourth language


ancient = taatura [taːˈtura] T
aroused (sexually) = tuuhuna [tuːˈhuna] T
attractive = nanaraa [naˈnaraː] T
able, capable =ruutanu [ruːˈtanu] III
academic = natuuva [naˈtuːva] III
alone = navutuu [naˈvutuː] III
academic = tutavahaa [ˌtutaˈvahaː] IV
anxious = huunavugaa /ˌhuːnaˈvugaː/ H
available = raatanuu [raːˈtanuː] III
bad, evil = vaanaa [ˈvaːnaː] T
big, great (very large), massive, enormous = haara [ˈhaːra] T
big, great (very large) = vaahu [ˈvaːhu] III
big, great (very large), massive, enormous = rahaa /ˈrahaː/
busy = ranataa /raˈnataː/ H
buxom = raavuunura [ˌraːvuːˈnura] III
bright = tavahu [taˈvahu] IV
broken = navuunavaa /ˌnavuːˈnavaː/ H
busy = varata [vaˈrata] IV
clean, neat, clear = nuuhara [nuːˈhara] T
close, accurate = vuuvuunaa [vuːˈvuːnaː] T
cool (fashionable), casual = nuvuva [nuˈvuva] T
crazy, insane = naanava [naːˈnava] T
close = vuhanu [vuˈhanu] III
cold = vunaahaa [vu'na:ha:] T2
critical = haaavaahuu [ˌhaaːˈvaːhuː] IV
dangerous = rarutagaa [ˌraruˈtagaː] H
dead = tavuhaha [ˌtavuˈhaha] III
deep, serious = nutara [nuˈtara] T
dirty = raauvaaru [ˌraːuˈvaːru] III
dry = tahaata [ta'ha:ta] T2
economic = vanaatuha /ˌvanaːˈtuha/ H
even = taata [ˈtaːta] T
friendly = ruragaa /ruˈragaː/ H
fat, big = ruta /ˈruta/ H
fun = vaara /ˈvaːra/ H
fake = anuna [aˈnuna] T
far = nuvaata [nu'va:,ta] T2
fashionable = turuhuunaa [ˌturuˈhuːnaː] T
fat, big, obese = taraa [ˈtaraː] T
favorite, popular = utuvaa [uˈtuvaː] T
firm = nuunuuna /nuːˈnuːna/ H
full = nuvunaa /nuˈvunaː/ H
fun = ruuta [ˈru:ta] T
furious = uhana [uˈhana] T
fashionable = raaraahahaa [ˌraːraːˈhahaː] IV
fat, big, obese, broad = nuva [ˈnuva] IV
favorite = raaraaha [raːˈraːha] III
final = tanuha [taˈnuha] III
former = aaha [ˈaːha] III
former = tunu [ˈtunu] IV
friendly = raavaanu [raːˈvaːnu] IV
full = haava ['ha:va] T2
furious = huunahu [huːˈnahu] IV
golden = ruhuvunaa [ˌruhuˈvunaː] T
good = tavuuraa [ta'vu:ra:] T2
green = hatana [haˈtana] III
gray = nuruuga /nuˈruːga/ H
heavy = anuutaa [a'nu:ta:] T2
high, loud, noisy, tall = vahata [vaˈhata] III
hungry = ruvuna [ruˈvunaː] T
hot = naataa ['na:ta:] T2
live = tatanaa [taˈtanaː] T
last (only remaining) = aana [ˈaːna] IV
left = tahuhu [taˈhuhu] IV
long = nuhataa [nu'hata:] T2
loud, noisy = aha [ˈaha] IV
lucky = raahutu [raːˈhutu] III
main, premier = rahuuva [raˈhuːva] IV
messy = aatuvanaa [ˌaːtuˈvanaː] T
narrow = turaahaa [tu'ra:ha:] T2
near = vuuraana [vu:'ra:na] T2
neat = nunaaraa [nuˈnaːraː] T
new = taaruuna [ta:'ru:na] T2
necessary = huuata [huːˈata] H
only = hatu [ˈhatu] IV
only = hunaha [huˈnaha] H
painful = runaahanaa [ˌrunaːˈhanaː] T
past = uruva [uˈruva] T
personal = vutuha [vuˈtuha] H
poor = vuguva [vuˈguva] H
popular = uha [ˈuha] IV
pretty = tava [ˈtava] T
physical, tangible = vagugaa [vaˈguga:] H
pink = havuta [haˈvuta] IV
possible = raahaahuutaa [ˌra:haːˈhuːtaː] III
powerful = raaratuta [ˌraːraˈtuta] III
powerful = raharugaa [ˌrahaˈrugaː] H
pretty = vanata [vaˈnata] III
pretty = natuva [na'tuva]'IV
ready = huranaa [huˈranaː] H
real, authentic = vanuva [va'nuva] IV
religious = vuutaavaha [ˌvuːtaːˈvaha] III
rich = raarunaruu [ˌraːruˈnaruː] III
rich = ragahagaa [ˌragaˈhagaː] H
round, blunt = uhava [uˈhava] IV
sour, bitter = nuhaga /nuˈhaga/ H
stupid, dumb, dull = nunuuta [nuˈnuːta] H
sorry = rutuua /ruˈtuːa/ H
shiny = ruutuvava /ˌruːtuˈvava/ H
succesful = vaanaugaa [ˌvaːnaˈugaː] H
short, low = vaavura [vaːˈvura] T
short, low = naataaga [naːˈtaːga] H
sick, ill, unwell = aanaa [ˈaːnaː] T
simple, poor = naaraata [naːˈraːta] T
small = tuuraana [tu:'ra:na] T2
sticky = nuututaanaa [ˌnuːtuˈtaːnaː] T
stiff, stubborn = tuuaa [ˈtuːaː] T
successful = tanaranaa [ˌtanaˈranaː] T
short, low = vuvana [vuˈvana] III
sticky = narunuha [ˌnaruˈnuha] III
subtle = hunaru [huˈnaru] III
successful = raavaavuraa [ˌraːvaːˈvuraː] III
similar = vutaavu [vuˈtaːvu] IV
skilled = raanatuhu [ˌraːnaˈtuhu] IV
stubborn = aatuha [aːˈtuha] IV
tall = raugaa [raˈugaː] H
thick = taanaa ['ta:na:] L2
thin (slender), slim = uha [ˈuha] IV
tired (needing sleep), tired (needing rest) = aaruva [aː'ruva] IV
violent = raanaava [raːˈnaːva] III
ugly = hatuuhaa [haˈtuːhuː] H
wet = tuurunaa [tu:'runa:] T2
white, blank, clear = nuutaa [ˈnuːtaː] T
wide, broad = naauta [naːˈuta] T
wise = runuga [ruˈnugu] H
yellow, orange, brown = vavunaa [vaˈvunaː] IV
young = taahanaa [taːˈhanaː] T
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2022-10-22, 21:45, edited 5 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-13, 15:20

In the Tunuvaa language, adjectives behave as they do in Italian: they agree in gender and number to the noun they refer to. There are two gender (named masculine and feminine, but we can call them group & and group ¥, or any other name) and two numbers (singular and plural), like in Italian.

In Tunuvaa there are 2 groups of adjectives
1. Adjectives ending in short vowels.
2. Adjectives ending in long vowel.

1. Adjectives in short vowel behave as follows:
taatura (masculine singular)
taaturu (feminine singular)
taaturava (masculine plural)
taatururu (feminine plural)

The theme ends in consonant (taatur-) and the desinences -a, -u, -ava, -uru are attached to it.

2. Adjectives in long vowel behave as follows:
aatuvanaa (masculine singular)
aatuvanavu (feminine singular)
aatuvanaava (masculine plural,)
aatuvanavuru (plural feminine)

The theme ends in a vowel, and attached to it are the desinences -a, -vu (v epenthetic), -ava, -vuru (v epenthetic)



Rule of the stress
By adding the plural suffix, the accent cannot fall farther than the fourth to last mora. So, for instance, the adjective nuututaanaa [nu:tu'ta:na:] (sticky) in the plural masculine is not nuututaanaava [nu:tu'ta:na:va], but nuututaanava [nu:tu'ta:nava], that is, the last long vowel shortens.
The feminine plural, in this case, loses the syllable -vu-.

The complete paradigm is thus:
nuututaana-a (m.s.)
nuututaana-vu (f.s.)
nuututaana-va (m. pl.)
nuututaana-ru (f. pl.)

These are all the possible paradigms for the declination of an adjective (I indicate the stress with the apostrophe '). The order is masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural (first and second adjectives follow the same pattern):

va'rata - va'ratu - va'ratava - va'raturu
nu'nuuta - nu'nuutu - nu'nuutava - nu'nuuturu
va'vunaa - va'vunaavu - va'vunaava - va'vunavuru
ha'tuuhaa - ha'tuuhavu - ha'tuuhava - ha'tuuharu
Last edited by Massimiliano B on 2023-07-16, 17:30, edited 2 times in total.

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-15, 20:11

Prepositions


Here is a list of proper prepositions:

ha [ha] = of (corresponding to Italian di)
tua ['tua] = at (corresponding to Italian a)
nu ['nu] = from (corresponding to Italian da)
va ['va] = in (Italian: in)
u ['u] = with (Italian: con)
aa ['a:] = on (Italian: su)
vau ['vau] = for (Italian: per)
naa ['na:] = between (Italian: tra / fra)

As in Italian, prepositions attach to definite articles (all the preposions in Tunuvaa attach to definite articles).
Definite articles are
ga = the (masculine singular)
gana = the (masculine plural)
gu = the (feminine singular)
guna = the (feminine plural)


Here is a complete list of prepositions+definite articles:

haga ['haga], hagana ['hagana], hagu ['hagu], haguna ['haguna]

tuaga ['tuaga], tuagana ['tuagana], tuagu ['tuagu], tuaguna ['tuaguna]

nuga ['nuga], nugana ['nugana], nugu ['nugu], nuguna ['nuguna]

vaga ['vaga], vagana ['vagana], vagu ['vagu], vaguna ['vaguna]

uga ['uga], ugana ['ugana], ugu ['ugu], uguna ['uguna]

aaga ['a:ga], aagana ['a:gana], aagu ['a:gu], aaguna ['a:guna]

vauga ['vauga], vaugana ['vaugana], vaugu ['vaugu], vauguna ['vauguna]

naaga ['na:ga], naagana ['na:gana], naagu ['na:gu], naaguna ['na:guna]

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-16, 22:31

Other prepositions - improper prepositions

above = aarahu [aːˈrahu] III L (Italian: sopra)
around = haatuu [ˈhaːtuː] T (Italian: intorno)
beside = hanara [haˈnara] H (Italian: accanto)
down = atuva [a'tuva] IV L (Italian: giù)
except, besides = unuura [uˈnuːra] T (Italian: eccetto, tranne)
inside = vutata [vuˈtata] III L (Italian: dentro)
inside = tanaha [taˈnaha] IV L (Italian: dentro)
like = ranuu [ˈranuː] IV L (Italian: come)
like = vataa [ˈvataː] III L (Italian: come)
like = vanuu [ˈvanuː] T (Italian: come)
like = hurana [huˈrana] H (Italian: come)
near = unata [uˈnata] III L (Italian: vicino)
towards = taava ['taːva] III L (Italian: verso)
in front of = nauhaa ['nauha:] (Italian: davanti)
behind = turuva [tu'ruva] (Italian: dietro)
after = nuuku ['nu:ku] (Italian: dopo)
outside = ataanu [a'ta:nu] (Italian: fuori)
far = gaanura [ga:'nura] (Italian: lontano)
long = huvatuu [hu'vatu:] (Italian: lungo)
through = naguuru [na'gu:ru] (Italian: attraverso)
before = hanua [ha'nua] (Italian: prima)
below = uutavuu [u:'tavu:] (Italian: sotto)

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Re: Tunuvaa language

Postby Massimiliano B » 2022-10-18, 23:27

Numerals

zero: naraga [naˈraga] H
1 = ra III L
2 = hu [hu] V
3 = vauna ['vauna] T2
4 = taaga ['ta:ga] H
5 = naa [na:] V
6 = uuha [ u:ha] V
7 = tua [tua] T2
8 = gahu [ˈgahu] T2
9 = hutaa [ˈhutaː] T
10 = nuu ['nu:] H
11 = ranuu ['ranu:]
12 = hunuu ['hunu:]
13 = vaunanu ['va:nanu]
14 = taaganu [ˈtaːganu]
15 = naanuu ['na:nu:]
16 = uuhanuu ['u:hanu:]
17 = tuanuu ['tuanu:]
18 = gahunuu ['gahunu:]
19 = hutaanu ['huta:nu]
20 = hunuga [hu'nuga] (due decine)
21 = hunugara [hunu'gara]
22 = hunugahu [hunu'gahu]
30 = vaunanuga [vauna'nuga]
40 = taaganuga [ta:ga'nuga]
50 = naanuga [na:'nuga]
60 = uuhanuga [u:ha'nuga]
70 = tuanuga [tua'nuga]
80 = gahunuga [gahu'nuga]
90 = hutaanuga [huta:'nuga]
100 = na ['na] H
1000 = nuuna [ˈnuːna] H
1000000 = nuunuuha [nu:'nu:ha]


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