Dunic (old version)

[AvisVolans]

Phonology, grammar and vocabulary of the Dunic language.

Fonolojagh, grammatagh agh vokabularh te Dunjagh dyghe.

[AvisVolans]

Phonology

Vowels:
a - [ɐ] or [aː]
æ - [ɛː], before "gh" in syllable coda and "rh" [ɛɐ]
e - [ɛ] or [e(ː)], at the end of word [ə], if stressed [e]
i - [ɪ] or [i(ː)]
o - [ɔ] or [o(ː)], at the end of word [o]
u - [ʊ] or [u(ː)]
y - [ʏ] or [y(ː)], before "gh" in syllable coda and "rh" [yʊ]

ai - [ɐɪ]
au - [ɐʊ]
oi - [ɔɪ], before "gh" in syllable coda and "rh" [ɔɐ]
ou - [ɔʊ]

Consonants:
b - [b], in syllable coda [b]
d - [d], in syllable coda [d]
f - [f]
g - [g], in syllable coda [k]
gh - [ʁ], in syllable coda [χ]
h - [h]
j - [j]
k - [k]
l - [l]
m - [m]
n - [n]
p - [p]
r - [r] or [ɾ]
rh - [χ]
s - [s]
t - [t]
v - [v], in syllable coda [f]

[AvisVolans]

Declension of nouns

Type 1: broad endings
a) stem ends in any consonant but "-rh"

	singular	plural
nominative	-Ø	-e
genitive	-e	-an
dative	-e	-a

b) stem ends in "-rh"

	singular	plural
nominative	-rh	-re
genitive	-re	-ran
dative	-re	-ra

Type 2: slender endings
a) stem ends in any consonant but "-rh"

	singular	plural
nominative	-Ø	-je
genitive	-je	-jan
dative	-je	-ja

b) stem ends in "-rh"

	singular	plural
nominative	-rh	-rhje
genitive	-rhje	-rhjan
dative	-rhje	-rhja

[AvisVolans]

Verb classes

There are 7 verb classes:

- Type 1, broad, A
- Type 1, broad, B
- Type 1, slender/long, A
- Type 1, slender/long, B
- Type 2, broad
- Type 2, slender/long
- irregular

Rules:

1. Type 1 verb stems end in a consonant and Type 2 verb stems end in a vowel.

2. a) Broad stems have a, o, u, au or ou in their first syllable.
b) Slender stems have e, i, y, ai or oi in their first syllable.
c) Long stems have more than two syllables.

3. Verb stems with the letter A end in any consonant but "rh" and verb stems with the letter B can only end in "rh".

Note: The stem is what you get if you cut off the ending "-t" of the infinitive present.

[AvisVolans]

Conjugation of verbs

Type 1:

Broad, A

	present	past	future
infinitive	-t	-nut	-toit
indicative	-Ø	-nut	-nys
subjunctive	-nyn	-næt	-næs
imperative	-Ø, -t
participle	-an	-t

Broad, B

	present	past	future
infinitive	-rht	-rrut	-rhtoit
indicative	-rh	-rrut	-rrys
subjunctive	-rryn	-rræt	-rræs
imperative	-rh, -rht
participle	-ran	-rht

Slender/long, A

	present	past	future
infinitive	-t	-nut	-toit
indicative	-Ø	-nut	-nus
subjunctive	-nun	-næt	-næs
imperative	-Ø, -t
participle	-an	-t

Slender/long, B

	present	past	future
infinitive	-rht	-rrut	-rhtoit
indicative	-rh	-rrut	-rrus
subjunctive	-rrun	-rræt	-rræs
imperative	-rh, -rht
participle	-ran	-rht

Type 2:

Broad

	present	past	future
infinitive	-t	-nut	-toit
indicative	-(i)*	-nut	-nys
subjunctive	-nyn	-næt	-næs
imperative	-Ø, -t
participle	-n	-t

Slender/long

	present	past	future
infinitive	-t	-nut	-toit
indicative	-(i)*	-nut	-nus
subjunctive	-nun	-næt	-næs
imperative	-Ø, -t
participle	-n	-t

*not written when stem ends in i, ai or oi

Conjugation in passive voice

The structure of passive verb forms:

auxillary verb + past participle

auxillary verb "væt" (to be):

	present	past	future
infinitive	væt	vanut	vatoit
indicative	voi	vout	vanys
subjunctive	vanyn	vanæt	vanæs
imperative	-tas, -tat*
participle	voun	vout

*endings are attached to the stem

Note: Present indicative and present participle use different words when they aren't used for passive voice.

[AvisVolans]

Personal and possessive pronoun

Singular:

	nom.	gen./poss.	dat.
1. person	ja(n)*	min/my**	me
2. person	to	ty	te
3. pers. m./n.	e	is	i
3. pers. f.	i	jas	ja

Plural:

	nom.	gen./poss.	dat.
1. person	nas	nærh	no
2. person	vas	urh	vo
3. person	i	jas	ja

*n only written if vowel follows
** "min" as noun, "my" as adjective