The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

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AvisVolans
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The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-22, 20:33

This is an introduction to the grammar, phonology and vocabulary of the Lytnish language, a conlang of mine.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-22, 20:59

There are endings for case (nominative, genitive), number (singular, plural) and definiteness. There is no grammatical gender. The endings are attached to the (sometimes slightly modified) stem.

Word forms and endings

Type 1:
The indefinite plural ending is "-ar"; or "-r" after o, ø.
The indefinite genitive ending is "-s"; or "-es" after s, x, sk.
The indefinite genitive plural ending is "-ars"; or "-rs" after o, ø.

The definite ending is "-e"; or "-j" after a, e, o, ø, u, y.
The definite plural ending is "-arn"; or "-rn" after o, ø.
The definite genitive ending is "-is"; or "-js" after a, e, o, ø, u, y.
The definite genitive plural ending is "-arns"; or "-rns" after o, ø.

Type 2:
There is no indefinite plural ending.
The indefinite genitive ending is "-s"; or "-es" after s, x, sk.

The definite ending is "-e".
The definite plural ending is "-en".
The definite genitive ending is "-is".
The definite genitive plural ending is "-ens".

Modified stems

Stems ending in "-sc" and "-sd" change to "-sk-" and "-st-" before endings.
Stems ending in "-á, -æ/-é, -å/-ó/-ǿ/-ú, -ý" change to "-a-, -e-, -o-, -y-" before "-j-".
Stems ending in "-æ/-e, -u, -y" change to "-é-, -ú-, -ý-" before "-ar-".
Stems ending in "-á, -å change to "-a-, -o-, -ø-" before "-r-".

Separate articles

The nominative definite article is "de".
The genitive definite article is "ot".
The nominative indefinite article is "é".
The genitive indefinite article is "oj"
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2022-07-03, 10:58, edited 11 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-23, 15:17

Lytnish verbs have 6 tenses, 2 moods (indicative, imperative), participles and voice (active, passive).

Present Imperfect (Simple)

Indicative:

The active voice ending is "-ar".
Exceptions: "-å" > "-or"; "-ø" > "-ør"

Examples:
ví skrívar - we write
de stor - it stands

For the passive voice a construction with "(a) vjar" (to be) is used:
"ar" + past participle

Examples:
d'ar kógt - it is cooked
d'ar foldt - it is folded

Imperative (2. person):

The ending is "-t" or "-et" after p, t, k and consonant clusters.

Examples:
læs! (read! (sg.)) - læst! (read! (pl.))
ostå! (stand up! (sg.)) - oståt! (stand up! (pl.))

Imperative (1. person pl.):

There is an imperative form for the 1. person plural equivalent to the English "let's + infinitve".

It is made by adding the 1. person plural personal pronoun "ví" to the end of a vowel stem:
stem + -vi

To a stem ending in a consonant the suffix -oj is added:
stem + -oj

Examples:
læsoj - let's read
oståvi - let's stand up
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2022-03-12, 20:38, edited 15 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-23, 19:16

Present Perfect

For the active voice a construction with "(a) hå" (to have) is used:
har + past participle

Examples:
har skrívt - we have written
d'har ståt - it has stood

For the passive voice a construction with "har" + "vjart" > "håjart" (have been) is used:
håjart + past participle

Examples:
d'håjart kógt - it has been cooked
d'håjart foldt - it has been folded
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:32, edited 9 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-23, 20:39

Past Imperfect (Simple)

The active voice usual ending is -t.
The active voice ending after a cluster of 2 (or more) consonants and after p, t and k is -e.

Examples:
de ståt - it stood
ví pake - we packed

For the passive voice a construction with "var" (was/were) is used:
var + past participle

Examples:
de var kógt - it was cooked
de var foldt - it was folded
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:34, edited 6 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-23, 20:44

Past Perfect

For the active voice a construction with "håt" (had) is used:
håt + past participle

Examples:
håt skrívt - we had written
d'håt ståt - it had stood

For the passive voice a construction with "håt" + "vjart" > "hådjart" (had been) is used:
hådjart + past participle

Examples:
d'hådjart kógt - it had been cooked
d'hådjart foldt - it had been folded
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:36, edited 6 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-23, 20:57

Future Imperfect (Simple)

For the active voice a construction with "vil" (will) is used:
vil + stem

Examples:
de vil stå - it will stand
vil pak - we will pack

For the passive voice a construction with "vil" + "vjar" > "viljar" (will be) is used:
viljar + past participle

Examples:
de viljar kógt - it will be cooked
de viljar foldt - it will be folded
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:37, edited 4 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-24, 12:09

Future Perfect

For the active voice a construction with "vil" + "har" > "vilar" (will have) is used:
vilar + past participle

Examples:
vilar skrívt - we will have written
de vilar ståt - it will have stood

For the passive voice a construction with "vil" + "har" + "vjart" > "vilojart" (will have been) is used:
vilojart + past participle

Examples:
de vilojart kógt - it will have been cooked
de vilojart foldt - it will have been folded
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:38, edited 3 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-24, 13:40

Infinitives

There are 2 infinite verb forms: infinitive and gerund.

The infinitive may stand with the infinitve particle "ad", which is equivalent to the English "to". The infinitive is equivalent to the stem.

The gerund is a noun and stands with the definite article.
To build the gerund, a construction with "de" + "ad" > "d'ad" is used:
d'ad + stem

Examples:
d'ad kóg - the cooking
d'ad fold - the folding

Gerund with preposition:

If a preposition stands before a gerund, "ad" is used as a suffix "-ad".

Examples:
forad kóg - for cooking
forad fold - for folding
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2022-07-03, 11:00, edited 4 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-24, 20:06

Participles

There are 2 "real" participle forms: present active and past passive

The present active participle is built by adding -(e)nd* to the stem.

*(e) is only used after a consonants

Examples:
kógend - cooking
stånd - standing

The past passive participle is built by adding -e (after b, k, m, p, s, t, v, x), -t (after d, f, g, j, l, n) or -j (after vowel) to the stem.
Exceptions: -å, ø > -oj

Examples:
pake - packed
kógt - cooked
(au)goj - gone
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2022-07-03, 11:03, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-08-24, 20:37

Adjectives

Adjectives can occur in 3 ways:
- attributive (describing a noun) > the slow car
- predicative (having similar function to an object) > The car is slow.
- adverbial (describing a verb) > The car is driving slowly.

Lytnish adjectives don't change form in any of these functions.

Comparison:

The stem is used as the positive form.

For the comparative, the suffix -ar is added.
For the superlative, the suffix -(e)sd* is added.

*(e) is only used after s, x and sk**

Examples:
dorlíg (bad) > dorlígar (worse) > dorlígsd (worst)

**stem modification:

Stems ending in sc, sd change to sk and st before endings.

Examples:
fesd (hard) > festar (harder) > festesd (hardest)
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2022-07-03, 11:04, edited 2 times in total.
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AvisVolans
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-10-23, 17:31

List of the words used:

mensc n - human
hesd n - horse
(ad) skrív v - (to) write
(ad) stå v - (to) stand
(ad) kóg v - (to) cook
(ad) fold v - (to) fold
(ad) læs v - (to) read
(ad) ostå v - (to) stand up
(ad) pak v - (to) pack
for pp - for
(ad) (au)gå v - (to) go (away)
dorlíg a - bad
fesd a - hard, solid
Last edited by AvisVolans on 2021-10-28, 20:05, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: The Lytnish Language (De Lýtnisc Spróg)

Postby AvisVolans » 2021-10-23, 17:43

De Nørevind óg de Sól

De Nørevind óg de Sól strídt om vem var starkar, da é rajsend kom fojé í é varm mantel. De beslute, at dé, son førsd gørt de rajsend ad alég sí mantel, mojar de starkar.
De Nørevind blest så stark vor han kun, men í méar at han blest, dest' engar foldt de rajsend sí mantel runda sí; óg endlíg stope de Nørevind ad forsǿg. Den de Sól skint varm óg stras alégt de rajsend sí mantel.
Óg så mot de Nørevind tilstå, at de Sól var de starkar au de tó.
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