Уро к № 3 / Lesson № 3
Текст / Text
Мария: Прив
ет, Ант
оне!
Антон: Здрав
ей, Мар
ия! Как си?
Мария: Аз съм мн
ого добр
е. Какв
о пр
а виш тук, в уч
илище?
Антон: Т
ърся едн
о момч
е.Той
учи в тов
а уч
илище.
Мария: Защ
о го т
ърсиш? Пробл
ем ли
имаш с н
его?
Антон: Не, не. Той ми
е при
ятел.
Мария:
Ясно. Тр
ябва ли т
и п
омощ?
Антон: Да. Къд
е е ст
ая н
омер 9?
Мария: Тя се нам
ира там.
Антон: Завед
и ме там!
Мария: Върв
и след мен!
Нови думи / new words
прив
ет – hi, hello! (it isn’t used very often)
мн
ого добр
е – very good
пр
авя (II. Conj) – to do
пр
авиш – you’re doing, you do
тук – here
т
ърся (II. Conj) – to search, to look for
едн
о (n) – one
момч
е (n) – a boy
уча (II. Conj) – to learn, to teach
учиш – you learn
в – in (in most cases) (във – when the next word begins with “В” or “Ф” – във вод
ата (in the water)
тов
а (n) – this
уч
илище (n) – a school
го – him (Acc. short form)
н
его – him (Acc. long form)
пробл
ем (m) – a problem
с – with (със – when the next word begins with “С” or “З”: със змията (with the snake)
не – no
ми – to me (Dat. Short form)
ти – to you (Dat. Short form)
при
ятел (m) – a friend
ясно – clearly, I see
тр
ябва (+dat.) – to need
къд
е - where
ст
ая (f) – a room
н
омер (m) – number
д
евет – 9
нам
ирам се (III. Conj) – to be situated
там – there
завед
и ме там! – Bring me there!
върв
я (II. Conj) – to walk
върв
и! – walk! (imperative)
след – after
мен – me (Acc. long form)
Граматика / Grammar
1.Второ спрежение на глаголите в сегашно време/ Second conjugation of the verbs in presents
( I rewrote this article from paruha because I think she has explained it very well. I hope I’m not going to be under trial by her)
Verbs in this groups end in:
- consonant + я
- verbs ending in -оя when the stress is on о.
- some verbs ending in 'a'
>> examples of verbs ending in a consosnat + я: пр
авя (to do), м
исля (to think), сед
я (to sit), върв
я (to walk)
exception: к
ъпя се (to take a shower) - it is in 1st conjugation
Like you have probably already guessed to conjugate these verbs we'll remove the ending -я and then add the following endings:
Singular - Единствено число
1. -я
2. -иш
3. -и
Plural - Множествено число
1. -им
2. -ите
3. -ят
Let's conjugate the verb правя:
1. аз пр
авя – I do
2. ти пр
авиш - you do
3. той / тя /то пр
ави – he/she/it does
1. н
ие пр
авим – we do
2. в
ие пр
авите – you do
3. те пр
авят – they do
>>verbs ending in -а in second conjugation
Here it is sort of an exceptiong, but not exactly. In this group there are only verbs ending in -а, which have Ж, Ш or Ч just before it.
Unfortunately, not all the verbs that end in -жа, -ша and -ча are here.
Here are around 10-15 verbs in second conjugation which end in -a:
вл
ача, в
ъ рша, греш
а, държ
а, мълч
а, п
уша, сл
ужа, с
уча, суш
а, теж
а,
уча,
х
арча, хвърч
а, п
ържа
Again we remove the ending -a to add the other endings for different persons:
Единствено число
1. -а
2. -иш
3. -и
Множествено число
1. -им
2. -ите
3. -ат
Example: влача
1. аз вл
ача – I drag
2. ти вл
ачиш – you drag
3. той / тя / то вл
ачи – he/ she/ it drags
1. н
ие вл
ачим – we drag
2. в
ие вл
ачите – you drag
3. те вл
ачат – they drag
or
1. аз
уча – I learn
2. ти
учиш – you learn
3. той/ тя/ то
учи – he/ she/ it learns
1. н
и е
учим – we learn
2. в
ие
учите – you learn
3. те
учат – they learn
…
2. Един, една, едно, едни - one
ед
ин – for masculine – one: ед
ин при
ятел (one friend), ед
ин чов
ек (one person)
едн
а – for feminine – one: едн
а жен
а (one woman), едн
а ст
ая (one room)
едн
о – for neuter – one: едн
о дет
е (one child), едн
о уч
илище (one school)
едни – for plural (I know that sounds very weird because in English you can’t say “one books” but in Bulgarian is normal to say: едн
и кн
иги ( the plural of “кн
ига” is “кн
иги”) (one books)… In this cases “едн
и” is like a “indefinite article”
- Той в
ижда едн
и кн
иги. – He is seeing books…
3. Този, тази, това, тези – this, these
т
ози – for masculine – this: т
ози мъж (this man), т
ози пробл
ем (this problem)
т
ази – for feminine – this: т
ази жен
а (this woman), т
ази р
абота (this work)
тов
а – for neuter – this: тов
а дет
е (this child), тов
а уч
илище (this school)
т
ези – for plural – these … (not now)
The nouns with “т
ози”, “т
ази”, “тов
а” и “т
ези” have never definite article !!!
4. да броим от 1 до 10 / to count from 1 till 10
едн
о – one
две – two
три – three
ч
етири – four
пет – five
шест – six
с
едем – seven
осем – eight
д
евет – nine
д
есет – ten
5.Лични местоимения във винителен и дателен падеж / Personal pronouns in Accusative and in Dative:
In Bulgarian only the Personal pronouns have Accusative and Dative forms. There are two forms – short and long. The long forms are often used whit a preposition, but the short forms – without)
In Accusative
Nom – long f. short f.
аз – мен, ме
ти – теб/ т
ебе, те
той – н
его, го
тя – н
ея, я
то – н
его, го
н
ие – нас ни
в
ие – вас ви
те – тях ги
Look up these examples:
Ти си с мен.(But: С мен си) – You are with me.
Те са в нас (but: В нас са) – They are in us.
Имам пробл
ем с тях – I have problem with them.
…
Той
я в
ижда. – He is seeing her.
Аз ги т
ърся. (but: Т
ърся ги) – I’m looking for them.
Той ни
учи. (but
Учи ни) – He is teaching us.
When we have sentences with “to be” and the subject is mentioned, the personal pronouns have to be put after the verb (Ти си с мен), but if the subject isn’t mentioned, the personal pronouns in Acc. or in Dative have to be put before the verb (С мен си – You are with me)
The short forms are used more often than the long forms. As a rule their position is in front of the verb. Sometimes, though, they appear after the verb because they cannot appear in clause-initial position. The position of the long forms is after the verb:
Аз те п
итам. П
итам те. Аз п
и там т
е бе.
I (am) ask(ing) you.
Аз ти гов
оря. Гов
оря ти. Аз гов
о ря на т
ебе.
I (am) speak(ing) to you.
In Dative
Nom. – Dat long f. / Dat. short f.
аз – на м
ен(е)/ ми
ти – на т
eб(е) / ти
той – на н
его (н
ему – archaic form) / му
тя – на н
ея (ней – archaic form) / й
то – на н
его (н
ему – archaic form) / му
н
ие – на н
ас (нам –archaic form) / ни
в
ие – на в
ас (вам – archaic from) / ви
те – на т
ях (тям – archaic form) / ги
Аз ти гов
оря. Гов
оря ти. Аз гов
оря на т
ебе.
I (am) speak(ing) to you.
The short forms and the long forms are identical in meaning. The long forms for the dative case are considered archaic, so the complex forms are used instead. The forms for the accusative case are used with transitive verbs that have been used transitively. The forms for dative case are used with intransitive verbs or with transitive verbs that have been used intransitively (be aware that in one language a verb may be transitive, and in another language the same verb may be intransitive!):
Аз п
итам тебе, не н
его.
I (am) ask(ing) you, not him.
Аз п
итам за т
ебе.
I (am)ask(ing) about you.
Аз върв
я към т
ебе.
I (am) walk(ing) towards you.
The short forms for the dative case substitute only the complex form, i.e. the combination of the preposition "HA" + the long form for the accusative. Combinations of other prepositions and the long form for the accusative cannot be substituted by the short form for the dative case, neither can the short forms appear after prepositions (there are some exceptions but we'll not go into such details). Here are some examples:
Аз гов
оря на н
его. Аз му гов
оря.
I (am) talk(ing) to him.
Аз гов
оря за н
его.
I (am) talk(ing) about him.
Sometimes both the long form and the short form can appear in the sentence, and they refer to one and the same object:
- К
азаха ми, че Ник
олова е в
отпуск по м
айчинство.
- А на м
ене ми к
азаха, че е в командир
овка.
- I was told that Nicolova was on maternity leave.
- And I was told that she was on a business trip.
Sometimes the short forms of the personal pronouns appear alongside the noun or the noun phrase they refer to. The reason for this is that it is not always clear which is the subject and which is the object of the sentence. This happens when the structure of the sentence is inverted, i.e. the object appears in sentence-initial position:
К
олко стр
анно! К
учето го нап
адна к
отка/к
отката!
How strange! The dog was attacked by a/the cat!(=A/the cat attacked the dog!)
In the example above the object is in sentence-initial position because the situation is not typical (you can hardly expect a cat to attack a dog, rather the opposite). But the sentence-initial position is typical for the subject, not for the object of the sentence. And here comes in the short form for the accusative (or the dative) of the personal pronoun. It is added right after the noun it refers to and thus it shows its role in the sentence - the role of an object. Such construction is impossible in English - you either have to stick to the straight word order (i.e. "subject predicate object"), or you have to use passive voice if you want to keep the dog in sentence-initial position.
6. Повелително наклонение / Imperative mood
To form the imperative form of any verb, you should take the form for the 1st person sg. present tense and remove the personal ending:
върв
я (to walk) - върв-
м
исля (to think) – мисл-
сто
я (to stay) – сто-
п
ия (to drink) – пи-
идвам (to come) – идва-
…
If the stem ends in a consonant, you have to put these endings:
-
и (for 2.sg.)
-
ете (for 2.pl.)
върв-
и! – go! (for 2.sg.)
върв-
ете! – go! (for 2.pl.)
мисл-
и! - think! (for 2.sg.)
мисл-
ете! – think! (form 2.pl.)
The stress is always on –
и and -
ете
If the stem ends in a vocal, you have to put these endings:
-й (for 2.sg.)
-йте (for 2.pl.)
ст
о-й! – stay! (for 2.sg.)
ст
о-йте! – stay! (for 2.pl.)
идва-й! – come! (for 2.sg.)
идва-йте! – come! (for 2.pl.)
The stress here is never on the imperative endings
There are also some exceptions:
в
идя (to see) > виж!/в
ижте!
вл
яза (to come in, to enter) > влез!/вл
езте!
изл
яза (to go out, to exit) > изл
ез!/изл
езте!
сл
яза (to come/get down, to descend) > слез!/сл
езте!
д
ойда (to come) > ел
а!/ел
ате!
от
ида (to go) > ид
и!/ид
ете!
държ
а (do hold) > дръж!/др
ъжте!
съм (to be) > бъд
и!/бъд
ете!
! We won’t consider the negative forms right now!
Homework:
Translate the following sentences into Bulgarian!
1. Learn with me!
2. Come to me. (the Bulgarian verb here is “д
ойда”)
3. This boy is friend of mine. (here “of mine”=”Dative form to “аз”)
4. He learns in Varna. (Varna (В
арна) is a town in Bulgaria)
5. This is a room.
6. Do you have any problems with us?
7. What are you doing in this room?
8. We learn in this school.