Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2020-09-19, 17:03

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrFEpdr8-Zs

Ej noj dabtsi os? = what are you eating?
Nyob zoo = hello
Zoo siab rov ntsib koj dua = nice to see you again
Hnub no = today
peb yuav los kawm = we will learn
txog = about
kaum txiv hmab txiv ntoo = ten fruits
uas qab qab = which taste delicious
peb hmoob = we hmong
nyiam nyiam noj = love to eat
thiab peb muaj = and we have
lus npe = name
rau lawv = for them

Cia koj hais lus kuv qab = repeat after me

txiv duaj = peach
txiv cuab thoj = guava
txiv lwm tsib = rambutan
txiv kab ntxwv = orange
txiv puv luj = pineapple
txiv phuab las = passionfruit
txiv nkhaus taw = mango
txiv nplai zaj = dragon fruit
txiv taub ntoos = papaya
txiv tsawb = banana

cia koj hais koj = let you say it
ib leeg = on your own; alone

Sib ntsib dua = see you next time

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2020-09-23, 1:28

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obE3M3B0eHA

Nyob zoo = hello
Los peb kawm = let's learn
txog kev ua si = about games [lit. about way do play]
cov menyuam = children
tom chaw ua si = at the playground

dai = to hang
dhia = to jump
dhia ib phlaw ib phlaw = to hop (lit. to jump one hop one hop)
dhia paj paws = to bounce
hla = crossover
kiv = spin
nce = climb

Los os peb kawm = let's learn
kev ua si = games [lit. way do play]
ntxiv more

khiav = run
mus kev = walk
taug kev = walk
nce = climb
nkag = crawl
tsaj = spring
rub = pull
thawb = push
ua zawv zawg = slide

cia koj ncha peb hais ua ke = let you say it together with us
cia koj = let you
ncha = loud
peb hais ua ke = we say together

lus no hmoob ua hais tias = this is called in Hmong
viav vias = to swing
lus hmoob ntsuab = Green Hmong language
kuv hais tias = I say
vav vag = to swing
tsaj lab tsag = to seesaw

sib ntsib dua = see you next time

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2020-09-24, 22:47

Pronouncing 3- and 4-Letter Consonants in Hmong
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajBr2m9EGmk

In Hmong these trigraphs and tetragraphs are considered individual letters of the alphabet.
The video does not include the written words, but I am adding them here.

tsh /ʈʂʰ/
tsheb = car

txh /tsʰ/
txhaum = woodworking tool

nts /ᶯɖʐ/
ntsaum = ant

ntx /ⁿdz/
ntxuam = fan

npl /ᵐbˡ/
nplooj = leaf

nph /ᵐbʱ/
nphoo ntsev = a dash of salt
(nphoo means sprinkle, ntsev means salt)

nth /ⁿdʱ/
nthuav = to open or unfold

plh /pɬʱ/
plhaub qe = eggshell
(plhaub means shell, qe means egg)

nrh /ᶯɖʱ/
nrhoob = leggings

nch /ᶮɟʱ/
ncho pa steam
(ncho means smoke, pa means air)

nkh /ᵑɡʱ/
nkhib ntoo = v-shaped angle between two tree branches
(nkhib refers to the angle, ntoo means tree)

nqh /ᶰɢʱ/
nqhis dej = thirsty
(nqhis means hunger/thirst, dej means water)

hny /ɲ̥/
hnyav = heavy

hml /m̥ɬ/
hmlos = dented

ntsh /ᶯɖʐʱ/
ntshuas xov = skein of thread
(ntshuas means bundle, xov means thread)

ntxh /ⁿdzʱ/
ntxhw = elephant

nplh /ᵐbɮ/
nplhaib = ring

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2020-09-25, 21:38

Hmong Tones
First video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5SxNDiHPM4
Second video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppDNljpv9e8
Third video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIgnKtCinaI

cim = tone

high tone: -b Audio
first and second video: cim siab (siab = liver)
third video: ab (baby)
another common example: pob (ball)

low falling creaky tone: -m Audio
first and second video: cim niam (niam = mother)
third video: pam (blanket)
another common example: pom (to see)
fourth video (below): kaum (ten)

high falling tone: -j Audio
first video: cim ntuj (ntuj = sky)
second video: koj (you)
third video: paj (flower)
another example: poj (woman)

mid rising tone: -v Audio
first and second videos: cim kuv (kuv = I)
third video: av (dirt)
another common example: pov (throw)

mid tone: -∅ Audio
first video: cim ua (ua = to do)
second video: zoo (good)
third video: pa (air)
another common example: po (spleen)

low tone: -s Audio
first and second videos: cim mus (mus = to go)
third video: pas (stick)
another common example: pos (thorn)

mid low breathy tone: -g Audio
first and second videos: cim neeg (neeg = person)
third video: tag (finished)
another common example: pog (paternal grandmother)

low rising tone: -d Audio
second video: tod (there)
occurs as a variation of -m in certain words
another common example: pod (to see)


Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2021-05-31, 22:46

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5e-W2sE9og

cub nqaij
cub nqaj
to steam meat

cub zaub
cub zaub
to steam vegetables

ci nqaij
ci nqaj
to roast, toast, or grill meat

kib nqaij
kib nqaj
to fry, deep fry, or stir-fry meat in oil

qha nqaij
qhaa nqaj
to smoke-dry meat

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2021-06-01, 19:58

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37L8e7psCq0

ib ntsais muag
in the blink of an eye

ib pliag
ib plag
one moment

ib ntsis
ib ntsiv
in a bit

ib chim
in a little while

ib tsam
ib tsaam
in a while; after a while longer

tav tshais
breakfast time

tav su
lunch time

hnub qaij
mid afternoon (lit. tilt sun)

tav caij noj hmos
dinner time

tsaus ntuj
dark out (lit. dark sky)

Ib tsam tsaus ntuj wb mam mus zov nploos
In a while when it is dark out, we will go looking for porcupines.
    ib one
    tsam while; while longer (roughly an hour or several hours)
    tsaus dark
    ntuj sky
    wb we
    mam will
    mus go
    zov watch
    nploos porcupine

Ib chim tsaus ntuj wb mam mus zov nploos
In a little while when it is dark out, we will go looking for porcupines.

Ib ntsis tsaus ntuj wb mam mus zov nploos
In a little bit when it is dark out, we will go looking for porcupines.

Ib pliag tsaus ntuj wb mam mus zov nploos
In a moment when it is dark out, we will go looking for porcupines.

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2021-06-02, 20:10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiH0aEdPslE

hnub
nub
day

hnub no
nub nuav
today

nag hmo
naag mo
yesterday; last night

hnub hmos
nub mo
day before yesterday

hnub hnub / hnub hmos ub
nub nub / nub u
three days ago

puag hnub hnub / puag noob hnub / puag hnoob hnub / puag hnub hmos ub
puag nub u
four days ago or more

tag kis
pig kig / pig kis
tomorrow

nag kis / neeg kis / nas kis
quas neeg
day after tomorrow

nag nraus / hnub nraus / puag nraus
quas nraus / quas ntsaus
in three days

puag nag nraus / puag hnub nraus / puag nraug ub
puag quas nraus
in four days (or more)

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2021-06-08, 19:19

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7PP3fWGpPM

lub pob ball
lub khob cup
nyob lives; is located
ntawm at
ua do

saum above, on, on top of (preposition, with tone sandhi saud)
hauv in, inside, under (preposition)
hauv qab under, below (preposition)
ntawm qab at the bottom (separable preposition)
nraum outside (preposition, with tone sandhi nraud)
sab laug left side (postposition)
sab xis right side (postposition)
ua ntej in front of (preposition)
hauv ntej in front of (preposition)
tom qab behind, after (preposition)

Lub pob nyob saum lub khob The ball is above the cup. / The ball is on the cup.
Lub pob nyob hauv lub khob. The ball is in the cup.
Lub pob nyob hauv qab lub khob. The ball is under the cup.
Lub pob nyob ntawm lub qab khob. The ball is at the bottom of the cup.
Lub pob nyob nraum lub khob. The ball is outside the cup.
Lub pob nyob ntawm lub khob sab laug. The ball is on the left side of the cup.
Lub pob nyob ntawm lub khob sab xis. The ball is on the right side of the cup.
Lub pob nyob ua ntej lub khob. The ball is in front of the cup.
Lub pob nyob hauv ntej lub khob. The ball is in front of the cup.
Lub pob nyob tom qab lub khob. The ball is behind the cup.

Lub pob nyob saud. The ball is above. / The ball is on top.
Lub pob nyob hauv. The ball is inside. / The ball is underneath.
Lub pob nyob hauv qab. The ball is below.
Lub pob nyob nraud. The ball is outside.

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-04-02, 16:21

The varieties of Hmong spokenly the most widely in the Hmong diaspora are Hmong Daw (aka Hmong Der, White Hmong) and Hmong Njua (aka Mong Njua, Green Hmong, Blue Hmong, Hmong Leng). These are the two varieties that are addressed in the majority of Hmong resources in English online and also in this thread.

For the last few years I've been looking a bit at the other varieties of Hmong spoken in China (especially the Chuanqiandian cluster in China and Hmong Dou, the variety considered its "standard") and spoken in Vietnam and here I'll post some comparisons. A large part of the written differences are orthographic, as shown by the pronunciation indicated below.

The varieties listed here are:
Hmong Daw (as spoken in Laos & northern Thailand)
Hmong Njua (as spoken in Laos & northern Thailand)
Hmong Dou(as spoken in China)
Hmong Dô (as spoken in Vietnam)
Hmong Sha (as spoken in China)
Qiandong Hmu (as spoken in China)
A-Hmao (as spoken in China)
Songtao Xong (as spoken in Vietnam)

English: "to do" (verb)
Hmong Daw: ua /ua˧/
Hmong Njua: ua /ua˧/
Hmong Dou: uat /ua˧/
Hmong Dô: /ua˧/
Hmong Sha: at /a˧/
Hmu: ait /ai˧/
A-Hmao: at /a˧/

English: "to live" (verb)
Hmong Daw: nyob /ɲɔ˥/
Hmong Njua: nyob /ɲɔ˥/
Hmong Dou: nyaob /ɲɔ˥/
Hmong Dô: nhaoz /ɲɔ˥/
Hmong Sha: nyaob ɲɔ˥/
Hmu: niangb /ɲã˥/
A-Hmao: niob /ɲɔ˥/
Xong: ninb /ɲĩ˥/

English: "to eat" (verb)
Hmong Daw: noj /nɔ˥˧/
Hmong Njua: noj /nɔ˥˧/
Hmong Dou: naox /nɔ˥˧/
Hmong Sha: naox /nɔ˥˧/
Hmu: nongx /nɔ̄˥˥˧/
A-Hmao: naox /nɔ˥˧/
Xong: nongx /nɔ̄˥˧/

English: "to sleep" (verb)
Hmong Daw: pw /pɨ˧/
Hmong Njua: pw /pɨ˧/
Hmong Dou: but /pu˧/
Hmong Sha: but /pu˧/
Hmu: bit /pi˧/
A-Hmao: byut /pʲu˧/
Xong: beut /peβ˧/

English: "to wear" (verb)
Hmong Daw: hnav /n̥a˧˦/
Hmong Njua: naav /nã˧˦/
Hmong Dou: hnangd /n̥ã˧˦/
Hmong Dô: nhangr /n̥ã˧˦/
Hmong Sha: hnangd /n̥ã˧˦/
Hmu: nangl /nã˨˩̤/
A-Hmao: hnangd /n̥ã˧˦/
Xong: hnend /n̥ẽ˧˦/
Last edited by Linguaphile on 2022-04-13, 3:46, edited 4 times in total.

Linguaphile
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-04-02, 19:02

English: "I" (first-person singular subject pronoun)
Hmong Daw: kuv /ku˧˦/
Hmong Njua: kuv /ku˧˦/
Hmong Dou: god /ku˧˦/
Hmong Dô: cuv /kṵ˩/
Hmong Sha: god /ku˧˦/
Hmu: wil /wi˨˩̤/
A-Hmao: gud /ku˧˦/
Xong: wel /we˨˩̤/
West Hunan: ve /ve˧/
Kaili: vas /va˧̤/

English: "you" (second-person singular subject pronoun)
Hmong Daw: koj /kɔ˥˧/
Hmong Njua: koj /kɔ˥˧/
Hmong Dou: gaox /kɔ˥˧/
Hmong Dô: caox /kɔ˥˧/
Hmong Sha: gaox /kɔ˥˧/
Hmu: mongx /mɔ̄˥˧/
A-Hmao: gik /ki˧/
Xong: moux /moɨ˧˩/
West Hunan: mawv /maɨ˩/
Kaili: mub /mu˦˧/

English: "he/she" (third-person singular subject pronoun)
Hmong Daw: nws /nɨ˩/
Hmong Njua: nwg /nɨ˧˩/
Hmong Dou: nil /ni˨˩̤/
Hmong Sha: nil /ni˨˩̤/
Hmu: nenx /nẽ˥˧/
A-Hmao: nyul /nʲɨ˨˩̤/
Xong: wud /wɨ˥/
Last edited by Linguaphile on 2022-04-13, 3:46, edited 4 times in total.

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-04-05, 18:09

English: "moon, month" (noun)
Hmong Daw: hli /ɬi˧/
Hmong Njua: hlis /ɬi˩/
Hmong Dou: hlit /ɬi˦/
Hmong Sha: hlit /ɬi˦/
Hmong Dô: hli /ɬi˧/
Hmu: hlat /ɬa˦/
A-Hmao: hlat /ɬa˦/
Xong: hlat /ɬa˦/

English: "fire" (noun)
Hmong Daw: taws /taɨ˩/
Hmong Njua: tawg /taɨ˨˩̤/
Hmong Dou: deul /teβ˨˩̤/
Hmong Sha: deul /teβ˨˩̤/
Hmu: dul /tu˨˩̤/
A-Hmao: deut /teβ˦/
Xong: del /te˨˩̤/

English: "water" (noun)
Hmong Daw: dej /de˥˧/
Hmong Njua: dlej /tˡe˥˧/
Hmong Dou: dlex /tˡe˧˩/
Hmong Sha: dlex /tˡe˧˩/
Hmu: eb /e˦˧/
A-Hmao: aob /aw˦˧/
Xong: ub /u˦˧/
Last edited by Linguaphile on 2022-04-13, 3:47, edited 2 times in total.

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-04-08, 21:38

English: "yesterday"
Hmong Daw: nag hmo /na˨˩̤ m̥ɔ˧/
Hmong Njua: naag mo /nã˨˩̤ mɔ˧/
Hmong Dou: nangs hmaot /nã˩˧̤ m̥aw˦/
Xong: nix hneb /ni˧˩ n̥e˦˧/

English: "today"
Hmong Daw: hnub no /n̥u˥ nɔ˧/
Hmong Njua: nub nuav /nu˥ nuə˦/
Hmong Dou: hnob naot /n̥u˦˧ naw˦/
Hmong Dô: hneb nend /n̥e˦˧ nẽ˥/
Xong: naib nongd /naj˦˧ noŋ˥/

English: "tomorrow"
Hmong Daw: tag kis /ta˧˩ ki˩/
Hmong Njua: pig kig /pi˧˩ ki˧˩/
Hmong Dou: dang gik /taŋ˧˩ ki˧/
A-Hmao: bis gis /pi˩˧̤ ki˩˧̤/
Hmu: bub fal /pu˦˧ fa˨˩̤/
Xong: xib hneb /ɕi˦˧ n̥e˦˧/

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mōdgethanc
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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby mōdgethanc » 2022-04-13, 20:00

I have to admire the work you put into transcribing all these words. It seems like Hmong dialects don't differ all that much. I thought the language was spoken over a big area so that surprises me.
[ˈmoːdjeðɑŋk]

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-04-13, 20:46

mōdgethanc wrote:I have to admire the work you put into transcribing all these words.

The IPA was a challenge for me but the Hmong spelling (RPA) itself is easy for me, because I was once tasked with digitizing typewriter-typed hard copies of Hmong children's books into electronic format by re-typing them, and learned the spelling system quite well that way without even understanding much of what I typed. :lol: There are a limited number of letter combinations and positions that are possible in Hmong, which I internalized by doing that, and now typos in Hmong stick out to me like sore thumb even if I don't know what the word means. It's actually quite hilarious, I can proofread material for native speakers whose oral fluency is waaaay above mine, and correct their typos.

mōdgethanc wrote:It seems like Hmong dialects don't differ all that much. I thought the language was spoken over a big area so that surprises me.

Yes, it really is interesting! The orthographic differences tend to make them seem more divergent than they are. It's also really interesting that sometimes more than one variety (for example, Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua) are spoken in really close proximity, sometimes even within a single village, but maintain the differences that they do have, rather than merging. The small differences are a large part of Hmong identity. (The names of the groups reflect the other aspect of those differences: traditionally they wear clothing of different colors, so Hmong Njua wear heavily embroidered indigo-dyed skirts and "njua" [ntsuab] in their name refers to the blue background color of their skirts, while Hmong Daw wear undyed, unembroidered skirts and the word "daw" [dawb] in their name means white.)
Image
Image
It's one of the things Hmong parents in the US lament: the younger generation doesn't follow this at events that require traditional clothing, and so while they do wear Hmong clothing for celebrations and ceremonies, they wear whatever they consider to look nicer, regardless of whether or not it comes from their family affiliation.
Image

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-06-18, 19:49

A modified RPA alphabet for Hmong (Qauvntawv Tshiab)
I have seen materials written in this orthography (or one very close to it) off and on. It is not as popular as the original RPA but it is easy to read without additional instruction for those already familiar with the original RPA and English or French. It has the goal of replacing some of the digraphs, trigraphs and quadgraphs with fewer letters and bringing the spelling a bit closer to English spelling. It also has special symbols to indicate that a letter in a loanword or name should be pronounced in the non-Hmong way used in the source language, and this allows it to better adapt those loanwords/names into the orthography (in traditional RPA they are often left with the original spelling).

Differences:

Traditional RPA - Qauvntawv Tshiab (New RPA)
np - b
npl - bl
nplh - bhl
nk - g
nkh - gh
nts - j
ntsh - jh
plh - phl

Sample
Tam rau ceev R̃aubmeem, lawv saws cov Gr̃ijli quavntawv thiab rovtxhimkho nws rauhauv lawvli tug. Hnubno, ntau tebchaws saws tus quavntawv Lastees lossis R̃aubmeem rau lawvli quag sauntawv. Tus Quavntawv Ntobe R̃aubmeem yog tawqhia losrau cov Hmoob hauv 1953 losntawm cov tubtshajhmoo, Dr. G. Lisw̃uj Bosnis, Dr. W̃isyias A. Smoslis, thiab Leejtxiv Yis Bawsrhes. Toojntxawg Yaj, Tuam Xyooj, Txoovyeeb Yaj, thiab Tswvhawj Thoj yog cov Hmoob leejtwg pabcaum cov tubtshajhmoo los tiav tus Quavntawv Lastees Hmoob.

Traditional RPA
Tam rau ceev Roman, lawv sawv cov Greek quav ntawv thiab rov txhim kho nws rau hauv lawv li tug. Hnub no, ntau tebchaws saws tus quav ntawv Las Tees lossis Roman rau lawv li quag sau ntawv. Tus Quav Ntawv Nto Npe Roman yog taw qhia los rau cov Hmoob hauv 1953 los ntawm cov tub tshaj hmoo, Dr. G. Linwood Barney, Dr. WIlliam A. Smalley, thiab Leej Txiv Yves Bertrais. Tooj Ntxawg Yaj, Tuam Xyooj, Txoov Yeeb Yaj, thiab Tswv hawj Thoj yog cov Hmoob leej twg paub caum cov tub tshaj hmoo los tiav tus Quav Ntawv Las Tees Hmoob.

Translation:
As for the Romans, they adopted the Greeks' alphabet and redeveloped it into their own. Today, many countries also adopted the Roman or Latin alphabet for their writing system. The Romanized Popular Alphabet was introduced to the Hmong in 1953 by the missionaries Dr. G. Linwood Barney, Dr. William A. Smalley, and Father Yves Bertrais. Tong Geu Yang, Toua Xiong, Chong Yeng Yang, and Chue Her Thao were the Hmong who assisted the missionaries in completing the Hmong Latin Alphabet. With their ideas together, they brought forth a writing system for the Hmong.

Source of text: Hmong Latin Alphabet History

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Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-10-19, 13:20

Sentences from 苗语两百句 / Lus Hmoob 200 Lo / Lol Hmongb 200 Lot / 200 Practical Oral Hmong Sentences
source
I've only been able to find these 15 sentences, not the other 185 or the book.

English - Chinese - Hmong Daw - Hmong Shoua (probably the Hmong Dou variety)

What day is today?
今天星期几?
Hnub no yog hnub kiab pes tsawg?
Hnob nat yaos hnob (gab) bek zheus?

Today is Sunday
今天是星期天。
Hnub no yog hnub kav kiab.
Hnob nat yaos hnob Xangt. / Hnob nat yaos hnob gangd gab.

What day was yesterday?
昨天是星期几?
Nag i yog kiab pes tsawg?
Uax nangs yaos hnob bek zheus? / Nangs it yaos gab bek zheus?

Yesterday was Saturday.
昨天是星期六。
Nag i yog kiab rau.
Uax nangs yaos hnob drout. / Nangs it yaos gab drout.

What day is tomorrow?
明天是星期几?
Tag kis yog kiab pes tsawg?
Bel gil yaos hnob bek zheus? / Jat gil yaos gab bek zheus?

What month is this?
现在是几月份?
Lub hlis no yog lub hlis twg? / Lub hli no yog lub hli twg?
Lob hlit nat yaos bek zheus hlit?

This is November.
现在是十一月。
Lub hlis/hli no yog kaum ib hlis.
Lob hlit nat yaos gaof ib hlik.

Last month was October, wasn’t it?
上个月是十月,对吗?
Lub hlis dhau los lawd yog kaum hli, puas yog?
Lob hlik tlout lol leuf it yaos gaos hlit, gab yaos?

Yes, it was.
是的。
Yog mav.
Yaos lak max.

What month is next month?
下个月是几月份?
Lub hli yuav tuaj txog no yog lub hli twg?
Lob hlik yad duax zos nat yaos lob hlik dus? / Lob hlik yad duax zos nat yaos lab zhit hlit?

He was in the library for several hours.
他在图书馆里待了几个小时。
Nws tau nyob hauv lub tsev ceev ntawv li ob peb teev lawm.
Nil dub nyaob houd lob zhed ndruab ndeud nyaob dout aob beb lob zhongb teux lak.

Where were you on Sunday afternoon?
你星期天下午在哪里?
Hnub kav kiab tav su dua koj nyob qhov twg?
Hnob xangt dangd shot dluat gaox nyaob khaid dus? / Hnob gangd gab dangd shot dluat gaox nyaob khaid dus? / Hnob xangt naox shot dangx/dluat gaox nyaob khaid dus?

Gao Lee was in Beijing in May, wasn’t she?
高琳小姐五月份在北京,是吗?
Lub tsib hli ntuj Nkauj Lig puas yog nyob Pej Ceeb?
Lob zhib hlik ndox Ngoux Lis gab yaos nyaob Bex Jenb?

Yes, she was.
是的,她在那里。
Yog, nws nyob qhov ntawd.
Yaos, nil nyaob khaid gaot.

Dang Moua wasn’t here a month ago, was he?
唐茂一个月前不在这儿吗?
Ntaj Muas ua ntej ib lub hli tsis nyob qhov nov lov?
Ndangx Muak ib lob hlit daof ndex ot zhit dout nyaob khaid nad gaf?

Linguaphile
Posts:5362
Joined:2016-09-17, 5:06

Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-10-19, 14:00

Linguaphile wrote:Sentences from 苗语两百句 / Lus Hmoob 200 Lo / Lol Hmongb 200 Lot / 200 Practical Oral Hmong Sentences
source


Hnub no yog hnub (kiab) pes tsawg?
Hnob nat yaos hnob gab bek zheus?
What day is today?
    hnub no - hnob nat = today
    yog - yaos = is
    hnub - hnob = day
    kiab - gab = (market; week; day of the week)
    pes tawg - bek zheus = how much

Hnub no yog hnub kav kiab.
Hnob nat yaos hnob Xangt. / Hnob nat yaos hnob gangd gab.
Today is Sunday.
    hnub no - hnob nat = today
    yog - yaos = is
    hnub kav kiab - hnob gangd gab (hnob Xangt) = Sunday

Nag i yog kiab pes tsawg?
Uax nangs yaos hnob bek zheus? / Nangs it yaos gab bek zheus?
What day was yesterday?
    nag - (uax) nangs = yesterday
    i - it = distal deictic
    yog - yaos = is/was
    kiab - gab = (market; week; day of the week)
    hnub - hnob = day
    pes tawg - bek zheus = how much

Nag i yog kiab rau.
Uax nangs yaos hnob drout. / Nangs it yaos gab drout.
Yesterday was Saturday.
    nag - (uax) nangs = yesterday
    i - it = distal deictic
    yog - yaos = is/was
    kiab - gab = (market; week; day of the week)
    (hnub) rau - (hnob) drout = Saturday

Note about the word kiab/gab and the days of the week:
The seven-day week was not a part of Hmong culture until Hmong people started buying/selling in cities on market days. In China the word kiab/gab refers to days of the week as well as to market days. In Laos and Thailand it refers to market days or to the market itself but not to the days of the week.
There is also a homonym in Hmong Daw of Laos/Thailand, kiab which also means "immediately, now". In Laos and Thailand this word is not usually used when asking what day it is and when it is used it would be interpreted as "what day is it now?". In China however the same question is interpreted as "what day of the week is it?"

Linguaphile
Posts:5362
Joined:2016-09-17, 5:06

Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-10-20, 3:50

(continued from previous post)

For the days of the week used above, hnub kav kiab / hnob gangd gab means "market day", referring to Sunday because that's when the local market is (somewhere in China where this material is from). This would not be universally understood. Days of the week have different names depending on the location, and often loanwords from the dominant local language (Chinese, Lao, Thai, or English) are used instead. In the United States for example it is common to just say the word hnub (day) followed by the English word, i.e. hnub Sunday, hnub Monday, etc. This avoids confusion between dialects since immigrants often come from different regions where markets may be on a different day or numbering of days may start at a different point in the week (i.e. Sunday versus Monday). The Chinese-based system considers Monday to be the first day, but western missionaries introduced the idea of Sunday being the first day, so that in some cases both systems are used alongside each other. Prior to this, some Hmong villages used a system that involved 12-day weeks, about which I (and Hmong immigrants in the US in general) know little. It may have been connected to the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. However, during the time when the Hmong people were self-sufficient (not participating in city markets, attending church or dealing with local bureaucracies), for most people it was not considered important to keep track of the day of the week. This is why there are not standardized native words for the days and why many of them are loans from whichever language is dominant in local government/school/church.

day
hnub meaning "sun" and "day" in Hmong Daw of Laos and Thailand
nub meaning "sun" and "day" in Hmong Njua of Laos and Thailand
hnob meaning "sun" and "day" in Hmong Dou of China
zwj original unknown, used in days of the week in Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua
gab meaning "market", also used with the meaning "week" for days of the week in China
kut meaning "market", also used for days of the week in China

Since the words hnub / nub / hnob mean "sun" in addition to "day", if an event is happening after dark, when saying which day it is happening the word hnub / nub / hnob should be replaced with hmo / mo / hmaot (for example, hmo ib "Monday night" in place of hnub ib "Monday", hmo Sunday "Sunday night" in place of hnub Sunday "Sunday (during the daytime)". (Sometimes this is not done.)

hmo meaning "night" in Hmong Daw of Laos and Thailand
mo meaning "night" in Hmong Njua of Laos and Thailand
hmaot meaning "night" in Hmong Dou of China



C=China, L=Laos, T=Thailand, USA=United States

Sunday
Zwj hnub (L/T) ("sun day")
Hnub chiv (L/T) ("start day")
Nub chiv (L/T) ("start day")
Hnub so (L/T) ("rest day")
Hnub vas thiv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas thiv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub kaaj (L) ("market day")
Hnob kut (C) ("sun market")
Hnob gab (C) ("market day")
Hnob xangt (C) ("seventh day")
Hnob xenb qib (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Sunday (USA) (English loan)

Monday
Hnub zwj hli (L/T) ("moon day")
Hnub ib (L/T) ("first day")
Hnub ob (L/T) ("second day")
Nub ib (L/T) ("first day")
Nub ob (L/T) ("second day")
Nub hli (L) ("moon day")
Hnub vas cas (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas caas (L/T) (Lao loan)
Kut ib (C) ("first market")
Gab ib (C) ("first market")
Hnob gab ib (C) ("first day of the week")
Xenb qib yix (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Monday (USA) (English loan)

Tuesday
Hnub zwj quag (L/T) (meaning unknown)
Hnub ob (L/T) ("second day")
Hnub peb (L/T) ("third day")
Nub ob (L/T) ("second day")
Nub peb (L/T) ("third day")
Hnub vas as qhas (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas a qhaas (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas a khaas (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub ci (L) ("shiny day")
Kut aob (C) ("second market")
Gab aob (C) ("second market")
Hnob gab aob (C) ("second day of the week")
Xenb qib erf (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Tuesday (USA) (English loan)

Wednesday
Hnub zwj feeb (L/T) (meaning unknown)
Hnub peb (L/T) ("third day")
Hnub plaub (L/T) ("fourth day")
Nub peb (L/T) ("third day")
Nub plaub (L/T) ("fourth day")
Nu plaub (L/T) "fourth day"
Hnub vas phuv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Hnub vaas phuv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub tswv (L) (meaning unknown)
Kut beb (C) ("third market")
Gab beb (C) ("third market")
Hnob gab beb (C) ("third day of the week")
Xenb qib sang (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Wednesday (USA) (English loan)

Thursday
Hnuv zwj teeb (L/T) ("light day")
Hnub plaub (L/T) ("fourth day")
Hnub tsib (L/T) ("fifth day")
Nub plaub (L/T) ("fourth day")
Nub tsib (L/T) ("fifth day")
Hnub vas phab hav (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas phab hav (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub ntuj (L) ("sky day")
Kut bloub (C) ("fourth market")
Gab bloub (C) ("fourth market")
Hnob gab bloub (C) ("fourth day of the week")
Xenb qib sif (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Thursday (USA) (English loan)

Friday
Hnub zwj kuab (L/T) ("gourd day")
Hnub tsib (L/T) ("fifth day")
Hnub rau (L/T) ("sixth day")
Nub tsib (L/T) ("fifth day")
Nub rau (L/T) ("sixth day")
Hnub vas xuv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas xuv (L/T) (Lao loan)
Kut xhib (C) ("fifth market")
Gab xhib (C) ("fifth market")
Hnob gab xhib (C) ("fifth day of the week")
Xenb qib vuk (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Friday (USA) (English loan)

Saturday
Hnub zwj cag (L/T) ("root day")
Hnub rau (L/T) ("sixth day")
Hnub xya (L/T) ("seventh day")
Nub rau (L/T) ("sixth day")
Nub xyaa (L/T) ("seventh day")
Hnub vas xom (L/T) (Lao loan)
Hnub vas xaum (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub vaas xaum (L/T) (Lao loan)
Nub tso (L) ("release day")
Kut drout (C) ("sixth market")
Gab drout (C) ("sixth market")
Hnob gab drout (C) ("sixth day of the week")
Xenb qib lux (C) (Chinese loan)
Hnub Saturday (USA) (English loan)

Linguaphile
Posts:5362
Joined:2016-09-17, 5:06

Re: Hmoob (Hmong Language)苗语

Postby Linguaphile » 2022-10-21, 22:40

Tag kis yog hnub pes tsawg? (Daw)
(Pig kis yog nub pes tsawg) (Njua)
Bel gil yaos hnob bek zheus? / Jat gil yaos gab bek zheus?
What day is tomorrow? (tomorrow is day how much?)
    tag kis (pig kis) bel gil / jat gil tomorrow
    yog yaos = is
    hnub (nub) hnob = day
    kiab gab = market; day (in China)
    pes tsawg bek zheus = how many

Lub hlis no yog lub hlis twg? / Lub hli no yog lub hli twg?

Lob hlit nat yaos bek zheus hlit?
What month is this? (month this is month which? / month this is how many month?)
    lub hlis (lub hli) lob hlit = month
    no nat = this
    yog yaos = is
    twg zheus = which

Lub hlis (hli) no yog kaum ib hlis.

Lob hlit nat yaos gaof ib hlik.
This is November. (month this is ten one month)
    lub hlis[/b] (lub hli) lob hlit = month
    no nat = this
    yog yaos = is
    kaum ib gaof ib = eleven (ten one)
    hlis hlik month

Lub hlis dhau los lawd yog kaum hli, puas yog?
Lob hlik tlout lol leuf it yaos gaos hlit, gab yaos?
Last month was October, wasn’t it? (month past complete was ten month, tag?)
    lub hlis (lub hli) lob hlit = month
    dhau tlout) = pass
    los lol = come
    lawd (=lawm with tone sandhi) leuf = complete
    i it = distal deictic
    yog yaos = is
    kawm gaos = ten
    hli hlit = month
    puas gab = interrogative participle
    yog yaos = is


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