I made the sentences below to get a feel of how different English tenses are expressed in Indonesian. Please check what I've written for accuracy and please explain the ones I got wrong or didn't know.
1. I speak Spanish.
2. I used to play video games.
3. I ate a cookie 5 min. ago.
4. Last year he was ill.
5. When his parents built the house, he was ill.
6. At the beginning of this year he has been ill, now he is fine again.
7. He had broken a leg, therefore he couldn't come to school.
8. I’m reading a book now.
9. I was working while she was studying.
10. I was eating there (- let's say lunch) until I got to know that there were cockroaches in the kitchen. Then I left (immediately).
11. I had been lying there for 3 hrs. before I fell asleep.
12. You will have been eating for 10 min. when I finish.
13. He wants me to go home now.
14. I would buy more food but I’m full now.
15. You are baptized now. ‘passive’
16. You were baptized for 5 min. ‘passive’
17. The city was destroyed by the fire ‘passive’
18. I had been baptized 3 times by 2001.
19. I will have been baptized 6 times by 2002.
20. If he paid me more, I would stay. (2 possibilities for ‘if he paid me more’)*
21. We would have built the house, if we had had the money.*
In my Indonesian translation, I only translated the verb portion of the sentences. that's the only part I'm concerned with. So remember when correcting what I wrote I only need the verbs NOT the whole sentence. (unless you feel translating the entire sentence would be better for everyone viewing the post)
1. saya berbicara
2. telah bertanding
3. sudah makan
4. nasakit dia
5. sudah bangan , nasakit dia
6. nasakit dia , sekarang dia baik
7. telah merusakkan , tak bisa datang
8. sedang baca
9. telah berkeja , telah belajar
10. sudah makan
11. sudah berbohong
12. akan makan
13. mau saya pergi di rumah
14. telah hasrat beli , saya kenyang
15. membaptiskan kamu
16. dimembaptiskan kamu
17. didirusak kamu
18. tedah dimembaptiskan saya
19. akan dimembaptiskan saya
20. sudah bayar , saya tinggal
21. kami membangun , tedah mempunyai
UniLang Language Community • Forum
grammar sentences
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kman1
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0stsee
- Posts:2479
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Terjemahan
Hej Tony!
I'll try to help you here.
1. Saya (bisa) berbicara Bahasa Spanyol.
2. Saya dulu biasa bermain video game.
3. Lima menit lalu saya makan kue.
4. Tahun lalu dia sakit.
5.Waktu orangtuanya sedang membangun rumah itu, dia sakit.
6. Awal tahun ini dia sakit, tetapi sekarang dia tidak apa-apa.
7. Dia kakinya patah tulang, makanya dia tidak bisa ke sekolah.
8. Saya sedang membaca buku.
9. Saya sedang bekerja selagi dia belajar.
10. Saya sedang makan di situ sampai saya tahu bahwa ada kecoa' di dapur. Lalu saya langsung pergi.
11. Saya berbaring di situ selama tiga jam sebelum saya tertidur.
12. Waktu saya selesai, kamu pasti sudah makan selama sepuluh menit.
13. Dia mau saya pulang sekarang.
14. Saya mau saja membeli makanan, tetapi saya sudah kenyang sekarang.
15. Kamu sekarang sedang dibaptis.
16. Kamu dibaptis selama lima menit.
17. Kota itu dihancurkan oleh api.
18. Tahun dua ribu satu, saya sudah dibaptis tiga kali.
19. Tahun dua ribu dua, saya pasti sudah dibaptis enam kali.
20. Kalau saja dia membayar saya lebih banyak, saya pasti tinggal.
Andai (saja) dia membayar saya lebih, ...
21. Kalau saja kami cukup uang, kami pasti sudah (selesai) membangun rumah itu.
Some notes:
In the spoken language of mine,
1. I would replace saya with aku. Except when I'm talking to an unknown person.
2. I'd drop the prefix be(r)- and me-.
Exceptions: belajar, berbaring
3. I always replace tidak with ngga'.
4. I'd pronounce apa-apa as pa-pa.
5. I'd almost always replace sedang with lagi.
6. In the sentence #10, I'd sometimes say terus instead of lalu.
7. I'd replace tertidur with ketiduran.
8. I'd almost always drop the initial S- in sudah.
9. I'd always drop the initial te- in tetapi.
I'll try to help you here.
1. Saya (bisa) berbicara Bahasa Spanyol.
2. Saya dulu biasa bermain video game.
3. Lima menit lalu saya makan kue.
4. Tahun lalu dia sakit.
5.Waktu orangtuanya sedang membangun rumah itu, dia sakit.
6. Awal tahun ini dia sakit, tetapi sekarang dia tidak apa-apa.
7. Dia kakinya patah tulang, makanya dia tidak bisa ke sekolah.
8. Saya sedang membaca buku.
9. Saya sedang bekerja selagi dia belajar.
10. Saya sedang makan di situ sampai saya tahu bahwa ada kecoa' di dapur. Lalu saya langsung pergi.
11. Saya berbaring di situ selama tiga jam sebelum saya tertidur.
12. Waktu saya selesai, kamu pasti sudah makan selama sepuluh menit.
13. Dia mau saya pulang sekarang.
14. Saya mau saja membeli makanan, tetapi saya sudah kenyang sekarang.
15. Kamu sekarang sedang dibaptis.
16. Kamu dibaptis selama lima menit.
17. Kota itu dihancurkan oleh api.
18. Tahun dua ribu satu, saya sudah dibaptis tiga kali.
19. Tahun dua ribu dua, saya pasti sudah dibaptis enam kali.
20. Kalau saja dia membayar saya lebih banyak, saya pasti tinggal.
Andai (saja) dia membayar saya lebih, ...
21. Kalau saja kami cukup uang, kami pasti sudah (selesai) membangun rumah itu.
Some notes:
In the spoken language of mine,
1. I would replace saya with aku. Except when I'm talking to an unknown person.
2. I'd drop the prefix be(r)- and me-.
Exceptions: belajar, berbaring
3. I always replace tidak with ngga'.
4. I'd pronounce apa-apa as pa-pa.
5. I'd almost always replace sedang with lagi.
6. In the sentence #10, I'd sometimes say terus instead of lalu.
7. I'd replace tertidur with ketiduran.
8. I'd almost always drop the initial S- in sudah.
9. I'd always drop the initial te- in tetapi.
Ini tandatanganku.
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kman1
- Posts:1028
- Joined:2005-10-04, 0:16
- Gender:male
- Country:United States (United States)
Re: Terjemahan
Hi Ostsee, I have some questions regarding the corrections you gave me.
2. a. ‘dulu biasa’ = ‘used to’ ?
3. where’s the past tense marker ?
4. does the time indicate the past tense here?
5. why is ‘sedang’ here?
6. ‘apa-apa’ ??
7. a. why is ‘kaki’ (leg) and ‘tulang’ (bone) both used here? b. ‘makanya’ ?? c. where is the verb ‘to come’
9. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here?
10. a. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here? b. ‘tahu’ = ‘to know’ AND ‘to find out’ ?? c. ‘langsung pergi’ ?
11. where are the pluperfect tense markers?
12. a. what does ‘selama’ mean here? b. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
14. a. ‘mau saja’ = ‘would’ ? b. where’s the word for ‘more’ here?
15. a. why is ‘sedang’ there? b. do you have any links explaining the confix 1. ‘mem- -kan’ (‘membaptiskan’) ? and 2. ‘meng- -kan’ (‘menghancurkan’) ?
17. ‘to destroy’ is ‘memhancurkan’ ‘hancur’ is the root word with the confix ‘mem- -kan’ added, right? So where did you get ‘dihancurkan’ from? Isn’t the correct form ‘dihancur’ without the ‘-kan’ on the end?
19. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
20. a. is ‘saja’ optional here or required?
21. a. ‘cukup’ is optional here, right? b. there is no verb for ‘to have’? how is this expressed then? c. what does ‘selesai’ mean here?
then why do you use it in #2?
why would you replace ‘ter-’ with ‘ke- -an’ ? ‘ter-’ means verb and ‘ke- -an’ means nouns. So why would you switch them?
Thank you!!
2. a. ‘dulu biasa’ = ‘used to’ ?
3. where’s the past tense marker ?
4. does the time indicate the past tense here?
5. why is ‘sedang’ here?
6. ‘apa-apa’ ??
7. a. why is ‘kaki’ (leg) and ‘tulang’ (bone) both used here? b. ‘makanya’ ?? c. where is the verb ‘to come’
9. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here?
10. a. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here? b. ‘tahu’ = ‘to know’ AND ‘to find out’ ?? c. ‘langsung pergi’ ?
11. where are the pluperfect tense markers?
12. a. what does ‘selama’ mean here? b. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
14. a. ‘mau saja’ = ‘would’ ? b. where’s the word for ‘more’ here?
15. a. why is ‘sedang’ there? b. do you have any links explaining the confix 1. ‘mem- -kan’ (‘membaptiskan’) ? and 2. ‘meng- -kan’ (‘menghancurkan’) ?
17. ‘to destroy’ is ‘memhancurkan’ ‘hancur’ is the root word with the confix ‘mem- -kan’ added, right? So where did you get ‘dihancurkan’ from? Isn’t the correct form ‘dihancur’ without the ‘-kan’ on the end?
19. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
20. a. is ‘saja’ optional here or required?
21. a. ‘cukup’ is optional here, right? b. there is no verb for ‘to have’? how is this expressed then? c. what does ‘selesai’ mean here?
0stsee wrote:2. I'd drop the prefix be(r)- and me-.
Exceptions: belajar, berbaring
then why do you use it in #2?
0stsee wrote:7. I'd replace tertidur with ketiduran.[/color]
why would you replace ‘ter-’ with ‘ke- -an’ ? ‘ter-’ means verb and ‘ke- -an’ means nouns. So why would you switch them?
Thank you!!
-
0stsee
- Posts:2479
- Joined:2006-10-12, 23:27
- Real Name:MarK
- Gender:male
- Country:Germany (Deutschland)
Indonesian
I forgot about this. 
KMan, next time you can PM me to remind me, OK!
I'll continue soon.
KMan, next time you can PM me to remind me, OK!
2. a. ‘dulu biasa’ = ‘used to’ ?
-Yes
3. where’s the past tense marker ?
-Lima menit lalu = five minutes ago
4. does the time indicate the past tense here?
-Yes.
Tahun lalu = last year
5. why is ‘sedang’ here?
-To show that he was ill while his parents built the house
6. ‘apa-apa’ ??
-Tidak apa-apa means alright
Ada apa-apa means there's something wrong
7. a. why is ‘kaki’ (leg) and ‘tulang’ (bone) both used here?
- Patah tulang is a compound.
You can also say kakinya patah which would also be totally comprehensible.
b. ‘makanya’ ??
-Means that's why
c. where is the verb ‘to come’
-One can also say makanya dia ngga bisa datang ke sekolah, but datang would only be used for emphasis.
9. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here?
-sedang shows that's something is happening, the German equivalent is gerade.
There is no past tense marker in the sentence.
10.
a. where’s the past progressive (continuous) tense marker here?
-sedang (see above)
No past marker. If someone is telling of what happened, everybody knows that it happened in the past.
b. ‘tahu’ = ‘to know’ AND ‘to find out’ ??
-Yes.
Spanish also use "saber" for "to find out"
c. ‘langsung pergi’ ?
-Go/went directly
11. where are the pluperfect tense markers?
-No past tense markers.
Only sebelum meaning before.
12.
a. what does ‘selama’ mean here?
- To indicate the time duration. In this case ten minutes.
b. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
-will have already. Showing certainty.
I'll continue soon.
Ini tandatanganku.
-
0stsee
- Posts:2479
- Joined:2006-10-12, 23:27
- Real Name:MarK
- Gender:male
- Country:Germany (Deutschland)
Re: Terjemahan
The continual..
14.
a. ‘mau saja’ = ‘would’ ?
-I've never thought about that, but yes, it means would.
b. where’s the word for ‘more’ here?
-You can also say:
Saya mau saja membeli makanan lagi
or
Saya mau saja membeli makanan lebih
I suppose this would be more precise. Sorry.
15.
a. why is ‘sedang’ there?
-Because you wrote passive, I thought it is a passive action. Something like "you are being baptized now".
If you want to use "baptized" as an adjective, you'd say:
Kamu sekarang sudah dibaptis.
b. do you have any links explaining the confix 1. ‘mem- -kan’ (‘membaptiskan’) ? and 2. ‘meng- -kan’ (‘menghancurkan’) ?
-I can try to look for some.
MeN- becomes mem- before B and meng- before H
17. ‘to destroy’ is ‘memhancurkan’ ‘hancur’ is the root word with the confix ‘mem- -kan’ added, right?
-Right
So where did you get ‘dihancurkan’ from? Isn’t the correct form ‘dihancur’ without the ‘-kan’ on the end?
-I realize that I know more about German grammar than of my own mother tongue.
I just know that the word "dihancur" doesn't exist.
I'll ask some people about this.
19. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
- = will have
showing certainty
20. a. is ‘saja’ optional here or required?
With kalau it is obligatory, with andai not, since andai already shows a wish.
Yet I personally rarely heard andai without saja.
Another possibility is coba (s)aja, but that's colloquial.
21.
a. ‘cukup’ is optional here, right?
- You can say:
Kalau saja kami cukup uang
or
Kalau saja kami ada uang
but never
*Kalau saja kami uang
b. there is no verb for ‘to have’? how is this expressed then?
-Yes, there are verbs for to have that you can also use:
punya, memiliki, mempunyai
c. what does ‘selesai’ mean here?
- Done.
then why do you use it in #2?
-Because that's the written language.
In spoken language I would say:
Aku dulu biasa maen video game.
why would you replace ‘ter-’ with ‘ke- -an’ ? ‘ter-’ means verb and ‘ke- -an’ means nouns. So why would you switch them?
- Again, written vs. spoken language.
In the spoken language "ke- -an" can also means "too much of ---"
E.g.:
lama = long (time)
kelamaan = too long
dingin = cold
kedinginan = freezing
Thank you!!
- Nichts zu danken.
I'm so ashamed because:
1. I answered so late, and
2. I realized that it's very hard for me to explain the grammar of my own mother tongue.
HTH & Salam!
MarK
14.
a. ‘mau saja’ = ‘would’ ?
-I've never thought about that, but yes, it means would.
b. where’s the word for ‘more’ here?
-You can also say:
Saya mau saja membeli makanan lagi
or
Saya mau saja membeli makanan lebih
I suppose this would be more precise. Sorry.
15.
a. why is ‘sedang’ there?
-Because you wrote passive, I thought it is a passive action. Something like "you are being baptized now".
If you want to use "baptized" as an adjective, you'd say:
Kamu sekarang sudah dibaptis.
b. do you have any links explaining the confix 1. ‘mem- -kan’ (‘membaptiskan’) ? and 2. ‘meng- -kan’ (‘menghancurkan’) ?
-I can try to look for some.
MeN- becomes mem- before B and meng- before H
17. ‘to destroy’ is ‘memhancurkan’ ‘hancur’ is the root word with the confix ‘mem- -kan’ added, right?
-Right
So where did you get ‘dihancurkan’ from? Isn’t the correct form ‘dihancur’ without the ‘-kan’ on the end?
-I realize that I know more about German grammar than of my own mother tongue.
I just know that the word "dihancur" doesn't exist.
I'll ask some people about this.
19. ‘pasti sudah’ ?
- = will have
showing certainty
20. a. is ‘saja’ optional here or required?
With kalau it is obligatory, with andai not, since andai already shows a wish.
Yet I personally rarely heard andai without saja.
Another possibility is coba (s)aja, but that's colloquial.
21.
a. ‘cukup’ is optional here, right?
- You can say:
Kalau saja kami cukup uang
or
Kalau saja kami ada uang
but never
*Kalau saja kami uang
b. there is no verb for ‘to have’? how is this expressed then?
-Yes, there are verbs for to have that you can also use:
punya, memiliki, mempunyai
c. what does ‘selesai’ mean here?
- Done.
0stsee wrote:2. I'd drop the prefix be(r)- and me-.
Exceptions: belajar, berbaring
then why do you use it in #2?
-Because that's the written language.
In spoken language I would say:
Aku dulu biasa maen video game.
0stsee wrote:7. I'd replace tertidur with ketiduran.[/color]
why would you replace ‘ter-’ with ‘ke- -an’ ? ‘ter-’ means verb and ‘ke- -an’ means nouns. So why would you switch them?
- Again, written vs. spoken language.
In the spoken language "ke- -an" can also means "too much of ---"
E.g.:
lama = long (time)
kelamaan = too long
dingin = cold
kedinginan = freezing
Thank you!!
- Nichts zu danken.
I'm so ashamed because:
1. I answered so late, and
2. I realized that it's very hard for me to explain the grammar of my own mother tongue.
HTH & Salam!
MarK
Ini tandatanganku.
-
kman1
- Posts:1028
- Joined:2005-10-04, 0:16
- Gender:male
- Country:United States (United States)
If you want to use "baptized" as an adjective, you'd say:
Kamu sekarang sudah dibaptis.
15. a. ‘sudah’ <- past tense marker, right?
-I can try to look for some.
MeN- becomes mem- before B and meng- before H
that would be great! I'll wait for the links then.
I just know that the word "dihancur" doesn't exist.
I'll ask some people about this.
ok, let me know what you find.
-Yes, there are verbs for to have that you can also use:
punya, memiliki, mempunyai
21. my question is: ‘where is the verb ‘to have’ in these sentences? ->
Kalau saja kami cukup uang
or
Kalau saja kami ada uang
-
0stsee
- Posts:2479
- Joined:2006-10-12, 23:27
- Real Name:MarK
- Gender:male
- Country:Germany (Deutschland)
BI
If you want to use "baptized" as an adjective, you'd say:
Kamu sekarang sudah dibaptis.
15. a. ‘sudah’ <- past tense marker, right?
-Sudah means literally already which shows that the action is done. Something like perfect tense, if you will.
-I can try to look for some.
MeN- becomes mem- before B and meng- before H
that would be great! I'll wait for the links then.
-I still can't figure out about the -kan suffix.
What I can give is the change of meN- according to the following word. But I don't know if you needed that.
As for dihancurkan and not dihancur, I still have to ask some Indonesians.
-Yes, there are verbs for to have that you can also use:
punya, memiliki, mempunyai
21. my question is: ‘where is the verb ‘to have’ in these sentences? ->
Kalau saja kami cukup uang
or
Kalau saja kami ada uang
-There is 'to have' in those sentences.
At least not as in English 'to have'
I believe the pronoun there ('kami') is comparable to the dative case in many languages.
For example:
Kamu cukup uang?
could be translated into German as:
Dir (Dative) genug Geld?
Kamu ada uang?
=Dir gibt's Geld?
which means Hast du Geld?.
I reckon many other languages have such a construction, like Finnish or Hungarian.
HTH & Cheers!
MarK
Ini tandatanganku.
-
0stsee
- Posts:2479
- Joined:2006-10-12, 23:27
- Real Name:MarK
- Gender:male
- Country:Germany (Deutschland)
di- prefix
I thought about it, and I think I can explain why *dihancur doesn't exist.
The prefix di- can be added to basic words which have the traits of a verb.
E.g.
ambil (take)
diambil
pasang
dipasang
tusuk
ditusuk
For these words, one can also add -kan, which means that someone random does the work for someone else (this last theory is just my speculation).
Basic words which have the trait of an adjective requires -kan.
E.g.
hancur
dihancurkan
selesai (done)
diselesaikan
kecil (small)
dikecilkan
I suppose the affix di-...-i goes for basic words which have the character of a noun. But this last one is still a speculation of mine.
E.g.
kasih (love)
dikasihi
sayang (affection)
disayangi
In the spoken Indonesian of Jakarta, -kan and -i merge into -in so that the above mentioned examples become:
diambilin, dipasangin, ditusukin, dihancurin, diselesaiin, dikecilin, disayangin
HTH!
MarK
The prefix di- can be added to basic words which have the traits of a verb.
E.g.
ambil (take)
diambil
pasang
dipasang
tusuk
ditusuk
For these words, one can also add -kan, which means that someone random does the work for someone else (this last theory is just my speculation).
Basic words which have the trait of an adjective requires -kan.
E.g.
hancur
dihancurkan
selesai (done)
diselesaikan
kecil (small)
dikecilkan
I suppose the affix di-...-i goes for basic words which have the character of a noun. But this last one is still a speculation of mine.
E.g.
kasih (love)
dikasihi
sayang (affection)
disayangi
In the spoken Indonesian of Jakarta, -kan and -i merge into -in so that the above mentioned examples become:
diambilin, dipasangin, ditusukin, dihancurin, diselesaiin, dikecilin, disayangin
HTH!
MarK
Ini tandatanganku.
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