Tere!
I'm new to Estonian, and find it a bit hard to understand the system for constructing partitive plural.
How do you construct this case with the word "soe" (gen. sooja, part. sooja)?
Any help would be much appreciated!
Moderator:aaakknu
The possibility of vowel-plural depends on the word-class. If a word-class enables the vowel-plural, then it appears at least in partitive case (either as the only possibility or in parallel with -sid), e.g. `aasta : `aasta/i/d, `siil : `siile ~ `siili/sid. In some word-classes vowel-plural can appear in parallel with de-plural also in locative cases, in translative case and (depending on the the type of the vowel-plural) in genitive, terminative, essive, abessive and comitative. Vowel-plural never appears in nominative case.
There are two types of vowel-plurals: i-plural and stem-plural. In case of the first one, plural is marked by i, which is appended to the stem, e.g. `aasta/i/d, karvase/i/d. In some word-classes i has merged into the stem. This has lead to the formation of plural stem, where the plural marker and the stem are not separateble from each other, e.g. `siil (: siili) : `siile, maja : maju, `kurk (: kurgi) : `kurke. This kind of plural is called stem-plural.
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When a word uses i-plural, then the forms of vowel-plural appear (in addition to partitive case) also (in parallel with te-plural) in locative cases and in translative case, e.g. `aasta : `aasta/te/sse ~ `aasta/i/sse, `aasta/te/s ~ `aasta/i/s, `aasta/te/st ~ `aasta/i/st, `aasta/te/le ~ `aasta/i/le, `aasta/te/l ~ `aasta/i/l, `aasta/te/lt ~ `aasta/i/lt, `aasta/te/ks ~ `aasta/i/ks.
In some cases the addition of i brings forth certain changes in the final vowel of the stem.
- When i is appended to a stem which ends with i, then at the end of the stem i → e, e.g. `voodi : `voode/i/d, kanal : kanali : kanale/i/d.
- When i is appended to a stem which ends with long vowel, then the long vowel shortens, e.g. `maa : `ma/i/d, i`dee : i`de/i/d.
In case of stem-plural it depends on the word-class how (much) does the vowel-plural appear. In case of the words of the VI declenation-class (excl. õnnelik-type) and in pesa-type the stem-plural is usually limited to partitive case, e.g. `siil : `siile, pesa : pesi. In other cases the stem-plural appears only in idiomatic expressions and compound words, e.g. `jalg : `jalgu, jalu/s (olema), käsi : käsi, käsi/le (võtma), `jälg : `jälgi, jäli/le (jõudma), `täht : tähti, tähis(taevas), muna : mune, munele (hakkama). In poetic language the stem-plural can appear also outside the fixed phrases, e.g. Neil harvul hetkil mina jälle mina. In õnnelik-type the stem-plural is completely ordinary on all cases, execpt nominative, in parallel with de-plural: õnne`lik : õnne`likku/de ~ õnnelike, õnne`likku/de/sse ~ õnnelike/sse, õnne`likku/de/s ~ õnnelike/s, õnne`likku/de/st ~ õnnelike/st, õnne`likku/de/le ~ õnnelike/le, õnne`likku/de/l ~ õnnelike/l, õnne`likku/de/lt ~ õnnelike/lt, õnne`likku/de/ks ~ õnnelike/ks, õnne`likku/de/ni ~ õnnelike/ni, õnne`likku/de/na ~ õnnelike/na, õnne`likku/de/ta ~ õnnelike/ta, õnne`likku/de/ga ~ õnnelike/ga. Also in seminar-type and V declanation-class (in jõuline- and oluline-type) the stem-plural is more regular outside of partitive case than in VI declanation-class and pesa-type.
neli / nelja / nelju
Or "Nimekirjas on nii mõnedki neljad.".Suvi wrote:Here, I can hardly think of a sentence using plurals of numbers.
Maybe in this situation, where a list is full of random numbers, 1 2 4 4 2 1 6 4 4 1 4 5 4 4,
it's ok to say "Nimekirjas on palju nelju/neljasid".
In the light of my previous post, by "nelju", are you referring to short partitive plural or rarely used instructive case (or even rarer -- almost non-existant -- short genitive plural)?Suvi wrote:But in which case "neljade" and "nelju" are used? Please help.
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