ο αόριστος

[Ioannes]

Γεια σας, πολυαγαπημένοι μου φίλοι!

Έχω συντάξει ένα κατάλογο με τις πιο συνηθισμένες αλλαγές στα θέματα του Αορίστου από το ελληνικά τώρα και μερικά αξιόπιστα βιβλία της βιβλιοθήκης μου.

Ενεστώτας σε/ present in -> ενεργ. Αόριστος σε/ simple past (active) in -> παθητ. Αόριστος σε / simple past (passive) in:


Χάνω -> έχασα -> χάθηκα

Δανείζω -> δάνεισα -> δανείστηκα

Αλλάζω -> άλλαξα -> αλλάχτηκα

Ανοίγω, μπλέκω -> άνοιξα, έμπλεξα -> ανοίχτηκα, μπλέχτηκα

Γράφω, κρύβω -> έγραψα, έκρυψα -> γράφτηκα, κρύφτηκα

Παντρεύω -> πάντρεψα -> παντρεύτηκα

Συναντώ -> συνάντησα -> συναντήθηκα

Γελώ (άω) -> γέλασα -> γελάστηκα

Πονώ -> πόνεσα

Δημιουργώ -> δημιούργησα -> δημιουργήθηκα

Καλώ -> κάλεσα -> καλέστηκα

[Dimakos]

[ego]

This is a good list of verbs, so let's try to make some conclusions, although trying to make rules about the aorist is like walking on a mines field .

The passive aorist seems to have various consonant stems, like στηκα, -χτηκα, -θηκα, -φτηκα and -υτηκα. The truth is that there is only one sufix: -θηκα. However when this suffix is attached, the preceding consonants go under some alterations. Θ is a voiceless consonant, so if a voiced one touches it, we have a cluster of a voiced+unvoiced consonant. Such thing cannot be pronounced easily (or let's say it's against the Greek phonology). What happens is that the voiced consonant is shifted to its "equivalent" unvoiced one. So we have:

ανοίγω --> ανοιγ + θηκα --> ανοίγθηκα --> ανοίχθηκα.

This form "ανοίχθηκα" is the original passive aorist and it's the form found in archaic, katharevusa texts. Still, clusters like χθ are not easy to pronounce, so in these cases θ turns into τ in modern language:

ανοίχθηκα --> ανοίχτηκα
καλέσθηκα --> καλέστηκα
γράφθηκα ---> γράφτηκα

etc.

You will notice however that not all verbs obey this rule. Lots of verbs have "irregular" aorists, so you will have to learn them by heart. Or perhaps someone has more rules to give?

[Ioannes]

It goes without saying that one should learn all stems for every stem immediately as learning a new verb. However haven seen a pattern of the most common stem mutations (although grammarians can argue whetever it's an actual mutation or if it's just a completely new stem), will at least aid you finding the present stem easily, and make it easier for you to remember the verb's stem.

Ego and I have tried finding many rules concerning the passive aorist. I found one, which is far from bullet-proof, but still good to keep in mind:

The passive aorist is formed by adding Xηκα, where x is most likely a dental plosive, such as t and θ, to the subjunctive stem which is chopped off where the stress lies.


Αλλάζω -> αλλάξω -> αλλάχτηκα

What's interesting, is that verbs that are stressed on the paenult, very often get the classical -θηκα ορ -τηκα, while fricatives are involved, the fricative from the present stem is often kept.

My final advices:

1) Look out for verbs that in IE are completely irregular, as: to have, to be, to find, to see ...

(But keep in mind that είμαι and έχω are incomplete.)

2) Except very few verbs as to see, to say, etc, the aorist is always stressed on the antepaenult, so if it lacks a syllable, an augment έ- is added, though in some verbs, the Ancient Greek augment ή- is added instead. There's a list at the thread about the augment.

3) Internal augment! συν+verb is very common. (Ego has written a suberb thread about it already)

http://home.unilang.org/main/forum/view ... hp?t=11244