India’s reticular caste system poses unique problems. Legions of ethnic groups seek categorization as “backwards classes.”
I mean, duh. Welcome to India. Any system poses its own unique problems. Any country comparable in size to most of Europe is going to have tons of ethnic groups that all want recognition in some form.
Each locality has its own hierarchy of quotas.
I don't think this should be surprising, either, because the caste system is a lot more complex in reality than people make it out to be. The Brahmin-Kshatriya-Vaishya-etc. hierarchy is basically a colonial oversimplification of the reality IIUC. The actual hierarchy on the ground depends on where in India you are. For example, in Kerala, there was never any Vaishya caste because people of Abrahamic religions took on jobs in the areas of finance, agriculture, etc. that Vaishyas elsewhere in India might do. When the caste system itself differs based on locality, why shouldn't the system of affirmative action, too?
Despite its intricacy, government discrimination still produces tension and violence.
This is basically saying "affirmative action doesn't resolve everything." That is true. But I don't think that's the argument, either. It is a step forward, not the be-all and end-all.
In Maharashtra, the paramilitary Shiv Sena jealously guards ethnic spoils systems.
Okay, I'm not exactly a fan of Shiv Sena, but this still seems like a pretty loaded sentence to me.
I think first, it's important to understand what Shiv Sena is and/or where it came from in the first place. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. However, the lingua franca of Mumbai is Hindi, not Marathi, because the majority of the population is not indigenous to the area. Understandably, people who are indigenous to the area may find their language and identity being threatened as a result. Shiv Sena initially formed as a response to this (and then later became basically another Hindu extremist organization). Originally, at least, the survival of Marathi in Mumbai had nothing to do with caste discrimination.
Successful Bengalis in the state of Assam have encountered violence from aggrieved natives.
Similar problem here. In many parts of India, there are immigrants, and this leads to tension like in lots of other places around the world. These are important problems, but they are also not exactly the same thing as casteism.
Scions of the upper-castes have self-immolated protesting quotas that limit their opportunities.
This is true. As a person from a high-caste background myself, this makes absolutely no sense to me, and all I can say is that people believe propaganda way too easily instead of actually looking for the truth. The truth is that in India, as in the US, there are plenty of rich spoiled brats who get opportunities they did nothing to deserve, and this is the elephant in the room everyone except maybe low-caste people is conveniently ignoring while scapegoating low-caste people.
Many reserved spots for Dalits (“untouchables”) and other backwards classes either go unfilled—especially in high-skill occupations like engineering—or go to the “creamy layer” (i.e., the most advantaged members of putatively marginalized groups)."
Again, this is because affirmative action is not being implemented well enough yet. Any change in a country that was a colonial possession in recent history takes time especially when the colonial administration drastically changed many fundamental aspects of life in that country.