Halbarad65 wrote:Rakhimzan is my master
Thanks brother!
Here is 10 first sentences of Chapter 5, Exercise 5 :
3) сен кешке
оқыма
йсың ба? - actually, if we want to modify or derive another verb form other than or from the infinitive (which infinitive can be noticed by its endings -
у, ю*, you cut out one of these infinitive endings, and doing that you will see that it acts both as imperative for 2
nd person informal (non-polite) and as a stem to which any other affixes attached to creat certain verb form further. F.e, бар
у -to go, бар - go! бармақ - is going to go, тию - to touch, ти - touch! - тимесе - if he doesnt touch.. But there is one special and distinct verb conjugatation form you must learn. The stems or 2nd p. imperative of such verbs, less the infitive ending, do end on
ы/i. These are: тан
ы - from
тану, тасы - тасу, таты, құры, ері, сасы, қасы, аңды, есті, талықсы, толықсы, бықсы, аңқы, тоқы, оқы, шоқы, қоқы, қоқсы, ырбы, өрбі, шошы, арзы, аршы, өрші, шірі, өксі, ашы, дары, шалқы, қалқы, лоқсы, ұлы, балқы, ары, сілкі, шылқы, сарқы, пысы, баулы, шұқы, нұқы, суы, сусы, сырғы, сыңсы, байы, жаншы, сүңгі, күпі, etc.
So, while the majority of closed-syllable verb stems have
0-stem ending after cutting out the infinitive ending (
у, ю) and are followed by either
a or
e, and open-syllable verb stems allready end on
a or
e, - both to form the informal imperative for 2
nd person and, thus, being also the basic stem to which then you can add other affixes - fe бар
у - бар(
0) - барамын - барғанмын, қарау - қара - қараймын - қарағанмын, where ,
y - infitive and бар, қара have are the stems, the other conjugation form have
ы, і-stem ending, less infinitive one's.
So, we now know that the verb stems can be open or close, based on the latter syllable of that stem. Those stems of which latter syllable ends on consonant is the closed-syllable stem, f.e. - бару - ба
р, қопа
ру; and those which end on vowel are open-syllable stems. So, what is peculiar in conjugation of them?
The closed stems - if conjugated in
Indicative Mood, Present-Future Tense - have no ending (ба
р(0)у, қопа
р(0)у) and are followed by either
a, or
e additional stem ending. These are 0-ending stems.
The open stems - if conjugated in
Indicative Mood, Present-Future Tense - have allready stem endings
a,
e (қар
а-у, керн
е-у).
These a, e are added to closed-syllable verb stems based on vowel harmony effect, depending on whether the the last syllable of a verb stem is soft like fe кет-у, or hard like қал-у. Accordingly, кет
емін, бар
амын. And It is basically true for most of 0-ended verb stems.
But those
ы/i-ended stems do conjugate differently. there are a set of verbs looking at which you can notice that before their infinitive ending there is a consonant, so you could probably think that the stem ends is also closed-syllable, and shall be followed by
a/e. No. While standing in infinitive their last syllable indeed has consonant, but when put in imperative or when the basic stem is derived, you see that it ends on
ы or
i.
Of course, for they are not needed in any
a/e endings, cuz they are themselves additional stem endings. After cutting out infinitive, the
ы/i in imperative turns out to
и. They are semi-closed verb stems. because visually it looks like closed syllable verb, with consonant, but when you derive its stem, or also 2 p. imperative, you then see
и vowel in its stem ending after cutting out infinitive y
So we have two different models of conjugating:
Conjugation of closed verb stems with no ending, followed by
a or
e endings
табу, тебу - infinitive
тап, теп - the basic stem, also impretative (as you see no ending)
Мен таб
амын, теб
емін
Сен таб
асың, теб
есің
Сіз таб
асыз, теб
есіз
Ол таб
ады, теб
еді
Біз (біздер) таб
амыз, теб
емін
Сендер таб
асыңдар, теб
есіңдер
Сіздер таб
асыздар, теб
есіздер
Олар таб
ады, теб
еді
Conjugation of semi-closed verb stems with
ы-,
і-endings turned to
итану, оқу, сүңгу - infinitive
таны, оқы сүңгі- basic stems
Мен тан
имын, оқ
имын, сүңг
имін
Сен тан
исың, оқ
исың, сүңг
исің
Сіз тан
исыз, оқ
исыз, сүңг
исіз
Ол тан
иды, оқ
иды, сүңг
иді
Біз (біздер) ан
имыз, оқ
имыз, сүңг
иміз
Сендер тан
исыңдар, оқ
исыңдар, сүңг
исіңдар
Сіздер тан
исыздар, оқ
исыздар, сүңг
исіздар
Олар тан
иды, оқ
иды, сүңг
иді
Here we have spoken about those types of verbs of which stems end on the consonant. By syllabic structure such verb are called closed, cause they ended on consonant. Again, what if before infinitive's
y ending there are any preceding volwes, unlike 0-ending closed stems? How do such verbs are called and conjugated? Sure! By syllabic structure they are called opened verbs and conjugated in certain way. As was mentioned above, they have before inf.
y ending vowels
a, e. In other words, you can recognize them in verbs which before infinitive ending have not consonant but either
a, or
e vowels. So, the whole verbs ending looks like
ay,
ey. fe. тар
ау, тір
еу. But how do they conjugate, if they allready have those a, e's before infinitive. Do those vowels are doubbled as in case of 0-ended (consonant-syllabic) verbs, fe тараамын, тіреемін? No! There is other rule. As soon as they allready have similar sounds which remain after cutting out infinitive's y ending, they shall be distincited in some way. And this distinction is
й consonant followed by those a, e sounds for both hard and soft verbs.
Conjugation of open verb stems with
a or
e endings, followed by
й endings
Тарау, тіреу - infinitive
тара, тіре - impreative
Мен тара
ймын, тіре
ймін
Сен тара
йсың, тіре
йсің
Сіз тара
йсыз, тіре
йсіз
Ол тара
йды, тіре
йді
Біз тара
ймыз, тіре
йміз
Сендер тара
йсыңдар, тіре
йсіңдер
Сіздер тара
йсыздар, тіре
йсіздер
Олар тара
йды, тіре
йді
And finally, we have come up to
ю infinitive ending verbs. Those are more sophisticated. They have two forms. One of which has semi-openned syllabic structure in the verb stem. Semi-open is because visually it looks like opened syllable verb, having no consonant, but when you derive its stem, or also 2 p. imperative, you then see
й in its ending after cutting out infinitive ю. From the other hand while being still in the infinitive form such verbs have the features of opened-syllable verbs, i.e. they have vowels preceding the ю infinitive ending. Which are those vowels? First of all, those familiar to us and notorious
a, e vowels: қараю, кеңею, but also
ү vowel.
Ү vowel is usually encountered in one-syllable verbs: сүю, түю, күю, etc. Those with a, e look like
аю,
ею (compare with their fully openned y-counterparts - ay, ey). And those with ү have resemblance with those open-syllable y couterparts, which have additional y ending, fe жуу, қуу, etc. So, in conjugation й consonant turns to
я (
йа) and
йе.
The second group of verbs with ю infinitive consists of fully opened-syllable. What makes them to be fully opened? It is the vowel visually observable in the infitive form of such verb. What is that vowel? That vowel is
и. In other words, in the infinitive form before ю they have и vowel. And they look like
ию, What is their stem or 2 p. imperative ending? It's ends on и and in conjugation turns to
я (
йа) and
ие.
Conjugation of semi-openned ю infinitive ending verbs
Қараю, кеңею, сүю - infinitive
қарай, кеңей, сүй - imperative/stem
Мен қара
ямын, кеңе
йемін, сү
йемін
Сен қара
ясың, кеңе
йесің, сү
йесің
Сіз қара
ясыз, кеңе
йесіз, сү
йесіз
Ол қара
яды, кеңе
йеді, сү
йеді
Біз қара
ямыз, кеңе
йемін, сү
йемін
Сендер қара
ясыңдар, кеңе
йесіңдер, сү
йесіңдер
Сіздер қара
ясыздар, кеңе
йесіздер, сү
йесіздер
Олар қара
яды, кеңе
йеді, сү
йеді
Conjugation of openned ю infinitive ending verbs
Қылтию, үрпию, сию, тырсию - infinitive
Қылтию, үрпию, сию, тырси - imperative/stem
Мен қылти
ямын, үрпи
ямін, си
емін, тырси
ямын
Сен қылти
ясың, үрпи
ясың, си
есің, тырси
ясың
Сіз қылти
ясыз, үрпи
ясыз, си
есіз, тырси
ясыз
Ол қылти
яды, үрпи
яды, си
еді, тырси
яды
Біз қылти
ямыз, үрпи
ямыз, си
еміз, тырси
ямыз
Сендер қылти
ясыңдар, үрпи
ясыңдар, си
есіңдер,
ясыңдар
Сіздер қылти
ясыздар, үрпи
ясыздар, си
есіздер, тырси
ясыздар
Олар қылти
яды, үрпи
яды, си
еді, тырси
яды
So summarizing in the scheme
1. У-ending infinitive verbs:
- zero-ending infinitive verbs, closed due to consonants in the verb's last syllable/stem before inf. ending. In conjugation are followed by a, e endings
- ы/i-ending infinitive verbs, semi-closed due to consonants in the infinitives last syllable, but with ы/i stem-ending before infinitive ending. In conjugation ы/i turn to и stem endings
- a-, e-ending infinitive verbs, opened due to vowels in the verb's last syllable/stem before inf. ending. In conjugation are followed by й ending
2. Ю-ending infinitive verbs:
- и-ending infinitive verbs, fully-opened due to vowel in the verb's last syllable/stem before inf. ending. In conjugation are followed by я (й+а) and иe endings
- a-, e-, -ү ending infinitive verbs, semi-opened due to lateral й consonant in the verb's last syllable/stem before inf. ending. In conjugation are followed by я (й+а) йе endings
P.S. That theory should be given separately =)). To be frank, I haven't met any such, it is totally my personal inverstigations! And I have laid them down in my textbook allready!
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4) неге
Қалыбек
ті шақыр
ма
йсың?
5) Күнбе-күн істейміз. - actually preferable is жұмыс істеу - literary to do the work, otherwise it would be accepted as from day to day we do. істеy - to do.
There following verbs denoting man's actions progress -
істеу - most common for to do,
жасау - to make, to create, to do,
қылу - to do,
ету - to do, which is also acts as auxiliary in compound predicates.
6) жылдам айт
па!
7) кезде
скілерің келеді ме?
8) таныс
сыңдар ма?
9) біз танда сирек
жұмыс істейміз.
10) он
ы сү
йемін
P.P.S. Happy New Year!!!