Lehrbuch des Pashto (Translation)

[księżycowy]

Ok, after a bit of a 'break,' I've decided to restart my learning of Pashto. I'm mainly starting this thread to make sure my 'translation' (via google translate) of Lehrbuch des Pashto (Afghanisch) by Manfred Lornez is correct grammatically and the vocabulary is up-to-date. Plus I figure that my 'translations' may help other people that don't know German that want to learn Kandahari Pashto. If you need the book, look in 'Learning Resources,' Remy has a link to it. Updates will probably be random. For now I'll move the first two lessons that I already translated here.

[księżycowy]

Lesson 1:

Vocabulary
what	څه
this	دا
thing	شی
this	دغه
(masculine name)	اڅک
those	هغه
booklet; notebook	کتابڅه
ruler	خطکش
yes	هو
who	څوک
color; dye	رنګ
paper	کاغذ

Gender of Nouns:
There are two genders in Pashto: masculine and feminine.
Words that denote people are generally the gender of the person.
Examples:

Masculine		Feminine
father	پلار	mother	مور
son	زور	daughter	لور
brother	ورور	sister	خور

Masculine nouns tend to end in: [ه], [و], [ی] (in other words: -ay, -ə, -u, or -i)
Examples:

table; desk	مېز	man	سړی
book	کتاب	friend, companion	ملګری
pencil	پنسل	arm	بازو
pen	قلم	medicine, drug	دارو

Feminine nouns tend to end in: [ه], [ۍ], [ی], [ا], [و] (in other words: -a, -əy, -i, -ā, -o)
Examples:

woman	ښځه	evil	بدی
room	کوټه	back(wards)	شا
chair	څوکۍ	talk, conversation, speech	وينا
inkpot	مشواڼۍ	wish, desire, aspiration	آرزو

Some nouns break these rules, such as the following feminine nouns that end with consonants:

quilt	بړستن	day	ورځ
leather	څرمن	month; moon	مياشت
needle, injection	ستن	span	لوېشت
skirt	لمن	comb	ږمنځ
cloud	اوريځ	way, path	لار

Third Person Copula:
The third person form of the Pashto verb "to be" is different for masculine and feminine.
دئ is used with masculine nouns (= [he] is)
ده is used with feminine nouns (= [she] is)
Examples:
دا خور ده (fem.)
دا ورور دئ (masc.)

Word Order:
Standard Pashto word order is: Subject - Object - Predicate
The verb usually goes at the end of a sentence.
Questions have the same word order as a standard sentence, but the voice raises at the end (in spoken language)
Questions words (like: څه ,څوک , ect.) go before the verb.
Examples:
دا څو دئ
دغه څه شی دئ

[księżycowy]

Notes For Lesson 1:
-As can be seen, I'm not using any transcription of the Pashto script, I'm assuming your looking at the book for the pronunciation.

-Meera pointed out that though the word for friend is correct, the term دوست [dost] (from Persian) is more common.

-Remy explains the differences between دا and دغه (the words for this) here. Scroll over the blackened text to read it.

[księżycowy]

Lesson 2:
Vocab.

دلته	here	څنګه	how
آلمانی	German	تورپېکۍ	masc. name
هندی	Hindi/Indian	زمريالی	fem. name
انګريز	English	او	and
روسی	Russian	نجلۍ	girl
پاکستانی	Pakistani	هلک	boy
افغان	Afghan	بريالی	masc. name
پښتون	Pashto (person)	ښه	good, well
پښتانه	Pashto (pl. form)	ايرانی	Iranian

Grammar:
Personal Pronouns:

Singular		Plural
زه	I	مونږ	We
ته	You	تاسی	You
دی	He	دوی	They
دا	She

دا is also used as a general demonstrative pronoun (i.e. "it is")
تاسی can also be used in the 2nd person singular/plural as a polite form of 'you'
For general/impersonal pronouns use:

سړی

man

خلک

people

The Verb "to be":

Singular		Plural
يم	(I) am	يو	(we) are
یٔې	(you) are	یٔئ / ياست	(you) are
دئ	(he) is	دی	(they) are
ده	(she) is

These forms require the personal pronoun.
Sometimes the third person masc. form of 'to be' and the negative particle are written together as: ندئ = he is not
Ex.
ره هندی یم -- I am Hindi/Indian

Negation:
To negate a sentence use نه right before the verb (نه receives the stress).
یه = no
Exږ
یه ، زه انګریز نه یم -- No I am not English.

[księżycowy]

Notes For Lesson 2:

-Meera pointed out that the word for 'no' is now نه [na/nə].

[Meera]

This is great! Keep this up

[księżycowy]

Yeah, this time I'm hoping to stick with it!

[eskandar]

خلک people

This is interesting--it's not a typo for خلق is it? I couldn't find it in Raverty's dictionary online...

[księżycowy]

This is interesting--it's not a typo for خلق is it? I couldn't find it in Raverty's dictionary online...

I just doubled checked in in the dictionary over at qamosona and the textbook, and it's correct.
خلک [xalk] = people

[Rémy LeBeau]

This is one of those phoneticisations of Arabic words that has become widely accepted in Pashto. Another major one is وخت. Of course, you can use either spelling and people will no doubt know what you mean. I guess it's kinda like the common replacing of ئ in Arabic words with ی in Farsi.

[Rémy LeBeau]

Another common one that just came to my mind is کميس (shirt).

[Meera]

خلک people

This is interesting--it's not a typo for خلق is it? I couldn't find it in Raverty's dictionary online...

No Eskander, خلک is the word for people in Pashto.

[ILuvEire]

This is awesome! I've been browsing this book when I have some down time (lord, I love Pashto <3) and it's great that you're doing this for people who can't read the German

[księżycowy]

I like to help when I can!

Hopefully this week I'll be able to post another lesson, but we'll see how it goes.

[księżycowy]

Another lesson in a day or two. I'm going to start translating it soon.

[Meera]

Another lesson in a day or two. I'm going to start translating it soon.

that would be wonderful

[księżycowy]

Sorry about the wait.

Lesson 3:
The Infinitive
The infinitive form of the verb ends in ل-
For example:

کول	to do
لیکل	to write
تلل	to go
لوستل	to read
چښل	to drink
خوړل	to eat
اخستل	to take
لرل	to have
پوهېدل	to understand
وهل	to hit/beat
لیدل	to see
ویل	to say/tell

In sentences the infinitive is used like a noun.
It is understood grammatically as a plural form. For example:
لیکل ګران دی خوړل آسان دی.
Writing is difficult, eating is easy.

In order to get the form that one needs to use in order to conjugate the verb, you simply
take off the ل- ending, for example:
پوهېد
وین
لر
ect.
One exception:
خور for the stem of to eat, note it is ر and not ړ

Indicative Present Tense
the following are the personal endings for the present tense of Pashto verbs:

Person	Sing.	Plural
1st	م	و
2nd	ې	ئ
3rd	ی	ی

Thus we get:
کوم I do
چښم I drink
کوې you do
ect.
The pronoun is not needed, as it is part of the verb form.

Some forms accent the vowel of the stem. This is usually done with 'ā' or 'e'
vowels in the stem.
Such as:
wā́jǝm
pohéǵǝm
[Using the transcription system from the book for the above]

Vocabulary:

ګران	hard, difficult
آسان	easy
کار	work, job
قهوه	coffee
غوښه	meat
شراب	wine, liquor, alcoholic drink
مالګه	salt
چای	tea
هم	also, too
ډوډۍ	bread; meal
لوست	reading; lesson
شیدې	milk
کوچی	butter
پنیر	cheese
ماهی	fish
هګۍ	egg

[Meera]

thank u this is very much apprecatiated

[księżycowy]

I'll try to make the interval between lesson postings shorter . . . .

[księżycowy]

It seems I'm making you guys wait again . . . Sorry!
I have a question for anyone following this though, do you want me to translate the exercises too?
If so, I'll do that for the three lessons I've posted thus far. If not, I'll just go on to lesson four.