Phoenician study group

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Lycurgus
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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-24, 15:45

Numbers 24:16 - מחזה שדי יחזה "which saw a vision of Zeus"
Septuagint - ὅρασιν θεοῦ ἰδὼν. Note the use of חזה instead of ראה.

The is part of the parable of Balaam (בלעם) for his name comes from πολυόμματος "many-eyed" a compound of πολύ and ὄμμα "eye".

ὅραμα (hórāma). "vision during sleep" derives חלם (khal·om) "dream"

ὁλάω, a lisping way of pronouncing ὁράω
ὄνος = חמור,. ὅλος = כל, ὁδός = חוץ

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-24, 19:25

ארץ ερας, εραζε : earth
ארג έργον : weaving
אפוד επωδός : charm
אברהם : εὕρημα

אפס τόπος : region
אפר τέφρα : ashes

In Latin, ארץ is terra (archaic tera) and the ending resemblanes the Aramaic ארע 'ara`.

In ionic, ε sometimes stood for α.
א and ה exchange between Hebrew and Aramaic.

καπάνη; chariot, Thess. for ἀπήνη = אופן

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-24, 22:40

δέκομαι, δέχομαι חכה; expect, wait, await, wait for
προσδοκάω קוה; expect for, whether in hope or fear
προσδοκία תקוה; expectation
προσδέχομαι רצה; take, accept, receive
πρόσδεξις רצון; acceptance

Ezekiel 20:41 ארצה אתכם = προσδέξομαι ὑμᾶς "I will accept you". (confirmed in Septuagint)

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-25, 0:23

ὠθίζομαι is a rare interesting verb in the MV meaning "push against one another, jostle, struggle, of human force". Without the MV this is ὠθέω = דחה.

The Septuagint confirms the cognate in Psalms 118:13 in which דחה translates ὠσθεὶς

ὠθισμός; dispute, alteration = מדחה

The Hebrew word for egg is ביצה (betzá) cognate with Arabic بَيْض‎ (bayḍ) and Classical Syriac ܒܝܥܬܐ‎ (bēʿṯā).The word comes from ἐπῳάδιος(ᾠόν)” upon the egg, hatched", ἐπῳάζω; sit or brood upon eggs.

ἐπιζητέω ביקש, בקש; seek after, wish for, request
ζητέω צדה; seek, sought

Without the preposition, ἐπιζητέω in Latin is quaero, originally quaesō, s turns into r between vowels and the consononts match בקש without the -ב/ἐπι-. cf. beseech, besought

In Spanish the word is buscar that incorporates -ב/ἐπι-.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buscar

Compare translation.
1 Chronicles 16:11
Seek (דרשו) the LORD and his strength, seek (בשקו) his face continually.

LXX ζητήσατε τὸν κύριον καὶ ἰσχύσατε ζητήσατε τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ διὰ παντός

VUL quaerite Dominum et virtutem eius quaerite faciem eius semper

RVR08 Buscad á Jehová y su fortaleza; Buscad su rostro continuamente

דרשו ἐρωτήσατε; ask about a thing, to ask a question
בקשו ἐπιζητήσατε

Hebrew word for question, שאלה and Arabic سؤال (sual) from verb αἰτέω"to ask".

Gen 24:47 ᾔτησα αὐτὴν (ואשאל אתה) "I asked her"

αἴτημα (משאלה); request, demand
αἰτητός (שאול) asked for, freely given, not asked for. adj.
ἐρώτημα (מדרש); that which is asked, question, midrash
ζητησιμος (מצדה) to be searched
ζήτημα (מצדה) that which is sought
ζητητός (צידה) sought for. adj.
ζητητήριον (מצודה) question chamber
.

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-26, 2:08

אמה "cubit" lacks an etymology in Biblical lexigraphy and in Arabic the word is ذراع (ḏirā).

אמה is homologue of ὠμία 'shoulder', note the feminine ending -ια exchanges with ה-. .

1 Samuel 17:4 reads "height was six cubits and a span" and the word "span" translates from זרת (zereth) that cognates the Arabic ذراع (ḏirā) however they are contradictions between Hebrew and Arabic etymology that I can resolve.

זרח and ذراع homologue δῶρον and ذراع and דרעה/ זרוע with χειρός

δῶρον
front part of palm, Poll.2.144, 2. hand's breadth, palm, as a measure of length, Nic.Th.398, Vitr.2.3.3, Milet. 7.57 (Didyma); cf. δεκάδωρος.


The word height (גבה) in 1 sam 17:4 is ὕψος, the ג exchanges with the spiritus.

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-26, 7:26

Zeceriah 2:7 המלטה "Deliver thyself"
2 Samuel 1:3 נמלטתי " I escaped" (passive)

The verb מלט is homologues with ἀπαλλάσσω

ἀπαλλάσσω פלט, מלט
Active; to set free, release, deliver a person from a thing
Passive; to be set free or released from a thing, get rid of it.

Psa 18:43 תפלטני מריבי
Thou hast delivered me from the strivings

In this verse, תפלט is 2nd person future thus it is ἀπαλλάξῃ also מריבי is εριζόντων; strive, wrangle, quarrel.

Isaiah 26:17 כמו הרה תקריב ללדת
Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery,

ὅμοιος כמו like, resembling, Lat. similis
φέρω הרה of a woman with child

The verb הקריב is in Hiphil which corresponds to a Greek verb ending in -ζω, in this case, πελάζω; to approach, come near, draw near or nigh. תקריב would be πελάζει cf. ἐγγίζω= הגיש

βλαστεῖν ללדת ; of children, to be born

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-26, 9:11

ἀγορά צהר as a mark of time, ἀ. πλήθουσα the forenoon, when the market-place was full, the time just after mid-day, when they went home from market.; hence الظهيرة "noon". Lat. Nundinae = market-day.

ἐφόριος גבול border, frontier, where the people of adjacent states met for market and other purposes.

ἀγορά שער market place
ἀγοραῖος סחר trader
ἀγόρασμα מסחר merchandise
ἀγορασμός מחיר purchasing, auction
ἀγοράζω שבר buy in the market
ἀγορά אגרה gathering
ἀγυρμός מגור gathering, crowds
ἄγυρις עצרת festive gathering
πανάγυρις כל עצרת festal assembly
ἀργυρίς אגורת silver cup or small coin
ἐξαγώγιον מוצה duty on exports
ἐξάγω הוציא export
ῥῶπος רכלה petty wares
ῥωποπώλης רכל dealer in petty wares
ἀγοραί יערים market place, forum
ἀγορά צער assembly
ἑταιρεία חבור association
σύγκλητος סגלה summoned council
προΐξ ברכה gift, present
τρόχις רץ courier
ἔφορος פרעה overseer
κωπηλάτης חבל rower, nautilus
ὁπλιταγωγός חבל troop-ships, transports
ὅπλον חבל a ship's tackle
σταθμός עמד station for ships
στόλος צי, חיל, ציר sea-force, fleet; أسطول
πλοητόκος מלחים producing navigation
ὑπηρεσία שרת body of rowers, ship's crew
ὑπηρέτης משרת row a ship;
διάκονος הכהן official, of a guild
ἄποικος אפיק abroad
ἁλουργής ארגמן sea purple
ἁλούργημα ארגונא purple clothing
ἀποικία אפקה colony
βρία בירה city
ὅμιλος המולה crowd
κάτοικος תושב inhabitants
πολῖται בעלים citizens, freemen
πάραλος γῆ פלשת of the coast land
ἐξοδισμός מוצא expedition, journey
ἔθνος עדה trade association
λογίζομαι לקט gather, pick up
λαχμός מלקח obtained
ὄχλοι עגלים popular assemblies
φόρημα מערב freight
ἀγαθοῖς, τἀγαθά עזבון goods, fairs, wealth
χρηστος חרוץ, חסיד useful, good
πλάξ לוח tablet
γέμισμα מעמסה load, burden, ship's freight
γεμιστός עמוס laden, full
γεμίζω עמס ,עמר fill, load a freight, of ship
καταγεμίζω העמיס load heavily
ἀπόστολος משלחה dispatch
ὀρχηδόν ארחה caravan
αὔλισμα מלון lodging
θησαυρός צבר store, treasure
θησαύρισμα מצבר stored
γαζοφύλαξ גדברי treasurer
δίκη דין custom
ὤνημα מקנה purchase
διατίθημι צוה distribute
ῥήτρα ברית verbal agreement
πολείδιον קרית body of citizens
κτίσμα מוסדה colony, foundation
σύνοδος סוד assembly
ἀγορά צער assembly of the people
ἀγών מקוה gathering
βωλά בלע, בעל senate, council of elders
δεκάτευμα מעשר tithes
αἴτημα משאלה request, demand
ἐπιζητέω בקש seek after, request
δραχμῇ דרכמן silver coin worth six obols
καρπισμός מרבית profit
κάρπωσις תרבית use, profit
μισθόω שכר let out, hire
μισθωτός שכור hired
μίσθωμα משכרה contract price
ἔχω μισθός יששכר of hired work, mercenaries
πορευμα מרכבה carriage
χωρίτης תרח countrymen
κῆρυξ כרוז public messenger
ἐργάτας מלאך workman, Hermes.
προάγγελος מלאך harbinger
πορθμός מעברה ferry, strait, narrow sea
πόρος עברה means of passing by a river
ἠπειρώτης עברי landsman
φόρος פור tribute paid to a ruling state
κατάθεσις תשומת down payment
ἀμείβω גמל repay, reward
ἐγγυάω ידה give security, hand over
δασμός מס division, of spoils, tribute
θέσμιον מצוה laws, customs
ἡνιόχους חניכי charioteers
ὁδούς חוצות highway
ζήτημα מצדה sought
κομιδῇ קבצה provisions
λαγχάνω חלק obtain by lot
κλῆρος גורל lot
κληρόω נחל obtain by lot
πίστωμα מבטח assurence
παραδόσιμος מורשה handed down
παραδίδωμι ירש hand over to another, inherit
δάνεισμα משאת a loan
τοκίζω השיך, זעזע lend on interest
τοκιστής נשך usurer, money lender
τόκος נשך produce of money lent, interest
δανείζω זעזע, לוח, נשא put out money, lend
προσφέρω הוביל bring to
πρόσχωρος גר neighbour
εἰσβαίνω הביא go onboard, be imported
ἀπέρχομαι ברח depart
ἀπονέμω מנה portion out
ἀποφυγή מנוס place of refuge
καταφέρω הדביר bring down
τάγμα מפקד fixed assessment or payment
ποίημα מפעל anything made
μετακομίζω השתבק transport
τρυγάνη מורג tribula
ἀφαίρεμα מבחר choice part
φάγημα מאכל food, victuals
ἄπυρος אופר unsmelted gold
ψήγμα מופז gold dust
πλίνθος לשון ignot
χρυσός ἄπυρος כתם אופיר unsmelted gold
ξάνθος, ξουθός דהב זהב gold
εἰσφορά אזכרה property tax
ὑποτίθημι עבט put down as deposit, pledge
ὑποθήκη עבוט pledge, deposit, mortage
ἐρύομαι ערב redeem, protect, guard
ῥύσιον ערבה surety, pledge
κατεγγυεύω תקע give security
παρακατατίθεμαι הפקד entrust, of property
παρακαταθήκη פקדה deposit of money
καταβολῇ חבל down payment
σταθμός משקל standard weight cf. σήκωμα
σταθμόν שקל weight, standard cf. σηκόω
διχάς σήκωμα בקע משקל half weight
σίκλος שקל coin
κόφινος איפה basket, as a unit of measure
ψηφίζω חשב count, reckon
μέτρημα ממד measurement
μετρέω מדד to measure
μέτρον מדה weight or measure
μέτρον משורה measure; soldiers rations
αμφορευς פורה liquid measure
δωρον זרת hand's breadth, palm, measure
ωμος אמה cubit
χοινιξ עמר dry measure of corn

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2020-11-26, 9:15

In Phoenician רגל is the word for leg and spy, a homonym.

Ancients used beacons to communicate over long distances.

In Greek, παραγγελμα is a message transmitted by beacons, the verbal, παραγγελλω "exhort, transmit a message, inform" is the homologue of רגל.

A beacon-light is a לפיד/λαμπαδος.

Job 12:5
He that is ready to slip with his feet (רגל) is as a lamp (לפיד) despised in the thought of him that is at ease.

cf. רגל, מרגל
φρυκτωρεω make fire signal
φρυκτωριον beacon tower
φρυκτωρος one who watches

παραγγελευς רכיל informer, accuser
ρωπιζω רכל deal in petty wars
ρωποπωλης רכל dealer in petty wares
ρωπος רכל, מרכלה petty wares.

homonym.
άρθρον רגל joint, of limbs, of the legs

σκοπαω צפה spy from a high place
σκοπος צופה οne who watches
σκοπια צפי to overlook a country.
σκοπελος, specula מצפה a lookout place, a watch tower.

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2022-07-05, 10:35

Ezra 7:6
Ezra went up from Babylon and he was a ready (מהיר) scribe

Proverbs 22:29
Seest thou a man diligent (מהיר) in his business?

The noun מהיר is ἔμπειρος (émpeiros); experienced or practiced in a thing and therefore not from מהר H4116 do something quickly, which would be ἐμμαπέως; quickly, hastily Perh. from μαπέειν, μάρπτω.

In Proverbs, מלאכה "business" doesn't come from מלאך "messenger" because מלאכה is ἔργμα; work, deed, business. poet. for ἔργον. The initial -מ being a prefix exchanges with -μα/-ον in ἔργμα and ἔργον and the verbal root εργω of these nouns is unused as is לאכ.

It seems that the original meaning of מלאך is ἐργάτας workman, a name for Hermes and the messenger definition comes from προάγγελος (رسول). But in Genesis 19 מלאכים are clearly προαγωγῶν procurers, pimps.

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2022-07-20, 19:23

The adverb עתה is ἄρτι (árti); just, exactly, now.

ἕως ἄρτι > עד־עתה "till now"

Phoenicians and Greeks were continuously interacting with other around the Mediterranean. Phoenicians also play a key role in Ancient Greek history and mythology, so why wouldn't there be a common colloquial language among them or spoken between Phoenician and Greek sailors.

There is evidence of this colloquial language in LSJ,

αἴξ - Goat, in plural waves (of the Sea)

The plural form of αἴξ 'goat' means waves (of the sea). By comparison, in Biblical Hebrew, עז means goat, plural עזים, but in Nehemiah 9:11 מים עזים means "mighty waters" because עזים means ἰσχυροί not αἶγες but sounded alike to the Greeks sailors hearing the Phoenicians. Perhaps עזים is the origin of Ὠκεανός "Ocean" and Αἰγαῖος "Aegean (Sea)".

στίβος נתיבה trodden way, track, path

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2024-02-25, 7:53

My interest in Phoenician language ignited again and looked into the vocabulary surrounding the pillars of Hercules, since the location of which was occupied by them. The common belief today identifies them with Gibraltar, but in Strabo, the whereabouts was debated and they may have been temple pillars.

Strabo 3.5.5
For nothing else resembles pillars around the strait. But those eight-cubit bronze pillars in the temple of Heracles in Gadeira.

οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐοικέναι στήλαις τὰ περὶ τὸν πορθμόν. οἱ δὲ τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἡρακλείῳ τῷ ἐν Γαδείροις χαλκᾶς ὀκταπήχεις

στήλαις pillars
πορθμόν strait

Strabo states that nothing resembles pillars except for two pillars in the temple of Heracles (Melqart) in Gaderia, which seem to be common feature among which.

Herodotus 2.44
I took ship for Tyre in Phoenicia, where I had learned by inquiry that there was a holy temple of Heracles. There I saw it, richly equipped with many other offerings, besides two pillars (στῆλαι δύο), one of refined gold, one of emerald.

This two-pillar temple may also be "Pillars of Hercules", the eastern counterpart.

Appian, Wars in Spain 11.65
He (Fabius) .. sailed through the straits of Gadeira offering sacrifice to Hercules
ἐς Γάδειρα διέπλευσε τὸν πορθμόν, Ἡρακλεῖ θύσων

There is interesting lore regarding this mysterious temple

Temple_of_Hercules_Gaditanus (wiki)
The sanctuary was likely a complex of buildings where the main structure could be accessed through a gateway flanked by two large columns. As described by Silius Italicus in the 1st century BC

According to the Latin historian Pomponius Mela, the temple housed the remains of Hercules, contributing to its immense fame. Moreover, the temple held renowned relics such as the belt of Teucer, a Greek hero and son of Telamon, and the tree of Pygmalion, whose fruits were said to be emeralds.


An important note here is "remains of Hercules", so this particular Hercules, is the dead hero distinct from the Olympian Hercules.

Herodotus 2.44
two worships of Heracles, sacrificing to one Heracles as to an immortal, and calling him the Olympian, but to the other bringing offerings as to a dead hero.

This dead-Hercules is alluded in Homer's Odyssey 11.601 where Odysseus met the phantom of Hercules beyond the gates of Hades (Πύλαι Ἀΐδαο), compare with (gates of Gadeira ) Πύλαι Γαδειρίδες , another phrase for the pillars of Hercules.

Another word for "straits or gates" is Κληῖδες.

Herodotus 5.108
The Phoenicians were sailing around the headland which is called the keys of Cyprus. Φοίνικες περιέπλεον τὴν ἄκρην αἳ καλεῦνται Κληῖδες τῆς Κύπρου.

κλεῖς; of promontories, straits, etc., Κληῗδες or “Κληΐδες (LSJ)

Πύλαι Ἀΐδαο "gates of Hades" appear in Isaiah 38:10 under שערי שאול and another synonym in Psalm 116:3 מצרי שאול (Στένον Ἀΐδαο) "Straits of Hades" and in Revelations 1:18 κλεις αδου (Κληῗδες Ἀΐδαο) "Keys of Hades". Gadeira is called Gādēs in Latin. cf.Hades.

In Plato, Critias 113 it writes that the namesake of Gadeira is "Gadeirus Eumelos", the son of Cleito (Κλειτὼ), the twin brother of Atlas. Κλειτὼ means renowned and is the same as קרית that resembles the קרת in Melqart and Carthage. cf. Ἡρακλῆς as if his name means "Keys of Hera". (Gadeira also known as Island of Hera). cf. Γαδειρίδες Κληῖδες.

Gadeira is said to be the location of the golden apples, compare with Eumelos (εὖ μῆλον) "rich in fruit", the epithet of Gadeira. I also figured that these were not apples, but Pears confirmed by Arabic كمثرى (kumthar) i.e. σκάμανδρος (סמדר) golden yellow fruit. One of the epithets of Gadeira is "Island of Hera (Juno)" and her sacred fruit is the pear.

The word Emerald in the ancient Greek is σμάραγδος (smaragdos) which was borrowed into the Arabic زمرد (zumurrud) and is found in Hebrew under ברקת. ἀμάρυγμα (amarugma) means sparkle, twinkle, radiant, of light, of gems and σμαραγέω (smarageo) in Homer is the crashing of thunder. cf. φλόξ > ברק > σμάραγδος, ἀμάρυγμα, σμαραγέω.

Now the Latin historian Pomponius Mela, mentions the tree of Pygmalion, whose fruits were said to be emeralds (σμάραγδος, ברקת), but is it describing the fruit as golden yellow, hence a pear tree.

στήλη block of stone used as a prop or buttress to a wall (LSJ)
- Ezekiel 41:6 צלעות בקיר στῆλαι ἐπὶ οἴκῳ "supports towards the walls"

In this context צלע is a buttress, confirming its homologue with στήλη, a synonym of this word is κίων that is ציון a columnar gravestone. In fact temple buttresses resemble ribs cf. צלע πλευρόν.

Στῆλαι Ἡρακλήϊαι צלעות מלקרות "pillars of Hercules". This phrase maybe interpreted as "ribs of Hercules". Hades, also written Ἀϊδωνεύς (Aïdōneús) is the meaning Eden (עדן) so that its two trees (ξύλοιν) are also "pillars of Hercules" and its fruit also the pear, which means Gadeira is also Eden.

It would also seem that the dead hero Hercules is also identified with Pygmalion, the mysterious and legendary King of Tyre, could he be the builder of the pillars of Hercules and its temple and be his burial site.

This dead hero Hercules seem to function similar to Davy Jones' Locker.

This is a whole Phoenician language word puzzle here.

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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2024-03-15, 22:10

Homer, Odyssey 11.65
ψυχὴ δʼ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθε "and his spirit went down to the (house) of Hades"
וירד נפשו שאלה

If the Phoenician text was rendered into Koine, it would look like "καὶ ἡ ψυχή αὐτοῦ κατέβη εἰς Ἅιδου". However for the descent to Hades, Homer always used "κατέρχομαι" (katerchomai).

Micah 1:4
כמים מגרים במורד "as waters flowing down a steep slope"
ὡς ὕδωρ ἀπορρέουσαι ἐπ᾽ ὄρθιον
velūt aquae dēcurrentēs in rēctō (rectus/ὀρθός; Of vertical direction, steep, perpendicular)

The verb נגר is in the form of הגיר and the context suggests ἀπορρέω "to flow or run off, stream forth"
Lt. dē-curro / ה־גיר and מורד is the adjective ὄρθιον "steep descent". cf. καταρρέω.

The context also suggests καταρράκτης (katarráktēs) adj. down rushing, as Subst. waterfall, cataract (شلال shalal) from the verb καταρράσσω (katarrassō) = καταρρήγνυμι (katarrēgnymi); break down, fall, rush down, waterfalls, etc. = הרציץ,רצץ. Modern Hebrew uses מפל for waterfall /πτῶμα since its a conlag.

Lycurgus
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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2024-03-23, 18:23

In Arabic, قَبْلَ مَوْتِهِ means "before his death," with the noun in the genitive case and the possessive suffix "-هِ" (-hi) also in the genitive.

prò-thanátou-autoû (πρὸ θανάτου αὐτοῦ)
qabla-mawti-hi (قَبْلَ-مَوْتِ-هِ)

Notice the θα- is absent in مَوْتِ and the قَ is absent in πρὸ. The letter ق dropped out of the Greek alphabet, so if πρὸ came from قَبْلَ, then ق would drop: بْلَ > πρὸ.

بَعْدَ مَوْتَهِ means "after his death," with the noun in the accusative case.

metà-thánaton-autoû (μετὰ θάνατον αὐτοῦ)
ba'da-mawta-hi (بَعْدَ-مَوْتَ-هِ)

مَعَ مَوْتِهِ "with his death" with the noun in the genitive case.

ma'a-mawti-hi (مَعَ-مَوْتِ-هِ)
meta-thanaton-autoû (μετὰ θανάτου αὐτοῦ)

The study of Arabic is very useful as a bridge between Greek and Phoenician.

Lycurgus
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Re: Phoenician study group

Postby Lycurgus » 2024-03-23, 18:58

I also studied the name of "Carthage" and believe it means "Newland" like the Arabic أرض جديد "ard jadida" or the terra nova.

The original meaning of קרת is therefore terra/ἐρᾶς; earth, land. cf.ϙερᾶς. cf. Earth/Carth

πτόλις also came from קרת > τόλις > πτόλις > πόλις.

The two words for Greece, Γραικός and Ἑλλάς are also derivatives of קרת

Ἑλλάς
The ק (qoph) becomes the /h/ (spiritus asper), the ר (resh) was lisped into λ (lambda) then repeated, and the ת (taw) exchanges with the δ (delta) in ἑλλάδος.

Γραικός
The ק (qoph) became Γ (gamma), and the ת exchanges with κ (kappa)

Middle Liddell
1.ionic κ replaces χ
2.doric κ is interchanged with τ
3. at the end ς passed into ρ
4. if ρ begins a word it takes the rough breathing, except in Aeolic
5. γ sometimes interchanged with β
6. epic Poets double λ


πόλις, Ἑλλάς and Γραικός are missing in Mycenaean Linear B.


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