Phoenician study group

[Lycurgus]

Hebrew textbooks most often use קטל as an example for various forms of verbs, even though they are only 10 examples of this verb in Biblical Hebrew scripture, however אקטל cognates with κτενῶ and caedō.

A similar word is קטב, the cognate is κτύπος 'crash, bang, din' and מקטב means κτύπημα, which confirms קט represents the κτ and the ל in אקטל represents the ν in κτενῶ and d in caedō.

אקטיל would be κτενίζω 'to comb one's hair, to groom a horse'
אציעה/κοιτάζω 'put to bed'
אשכיל/σοφίζω 'make wise'

φ interchanges with כ sound, these two sounds commonly interchange between Latin and Greek.
παιδαριώδης > Καῖσαρ > Caesar

A Phoenician expression is דומיה 'House of Hades' , in Homeric hymns, when referring to Hades, it describes the place as a δόμος (House) or Ἅιδα δόμον κατέβα/דומיה ירד.

ו and י frequently interchange, Ἅίδας in Phoenician is שאול, *Ἅίδ > Ἅוδ > Ἅίש)אול< ל), but this unrelated to the name 'Saul' instead means Ἅίτας 'beloved youth'

מאהב means ἀγάπαμα 'darling' (ἀγάπημα)
אהוב is an adjective, this is ἀγαπατός (ἀγαπητός)
ἀγαπάζω is a verb that ends in -άζω hence ידיד , דויד and ديفيد.

בתולה is a Phoenician epicene adjective meaning 'virgin', the root is ἄβατος 'untrodden, chaste' cf. Anat.

In Palestine, Lebanon and Baalbek, there is a traditional dance called دبكة‎ (Dabke) from βάκχη and Baalbek is a city dedicated to Bacchus or πόλις Βάκχου/מעכה/بكة/הבכא .

Balaam (בלעם) means πολυόμματος 'many-eyed' (πολύ-ὄμμα > πλ-ὄμ > בלעם), the epithet of Argus Panoptes.

בעל־הלשון "many tongues"
בעל־שער "with much hair" (πολύθριξ)
בעל הקרנים "with many horns" (πολυκέρως)
בעל־פרצים "with many branches"
איש בעלשער/ἠίθεος πολύθριξ "unmarried youth or bachelor with much hair'
בעל-פיפיות "with many teeth'
בעלידע/πολυειδήμων "knowing much"

Polysemy (בעל שםי)
- בעל/πολύς "much"
- בעל/βούλῃ "counsel"
- בעל/πόλις "city" cf. בעל שלש/ "Tripoli"
- בעל/ἀβέλιος "sun"
- בעל/πάστας "owner"
- בעל/πόσις "husband"
- בעל/ζυγός "yoke"
- בעל/φόρας "bearing"
- בעל/Ἀπόλλων "Apollo"

בעל־השור/πάστας ταύρου "owner of the Bull"
בעל־האשה/πόσις γυναικός "husband of the women'
בעל־פעור/Ἀπόλλων φοῖβος "Phoebus"
בעל־זבוב/τεττιγοφόρης 'wearing a Cicada' * Beelzebub/Athena
בעל is the most misunderstood Phoenician word.

[Lycurgus]

Samuel (שמואל, Δημάρητος) means δάμου ἀρᾶν meaning 'answer to the people's prayer'.

Zerubbabel compounds as זרב-בל (not זר-בבל) meaning θερμόβουλος 'hot-tempered' or θερμόβλυστος 'hot-bubbling' a play on θερμοπύλαι (Thermopylae). זרב means θερμός 'hot', (veterans of the Thermopylae war)

Nebuchadnezzar/Ἀμφικτυονικός (adj.) "belonging to the Amphictyons"
Shealtiel (שאלתיאל, θεαίτητος, אלישאלת) "Theaetetus" 'obtained by god'

פחת—ὑποκάτω; subordinate governor'
אדרגזרי—ἇνδρες δικασταί ; jurors, men of the jury
דתברי—δικαστήριον; the court
גדברי—γαζοφύλαξ ; treasurer
כרוז—κῆρυξ ; public messenger

Thesaurus
צבר/θησαυρός 'store, treasure' θσ υ ρ/צבר
מצבר/θησαύρισμα 'that which is stored'
אצבר/θησαυρίζω 'store, treasure up, hoard, store up for oneself'

γράφω (אכתב) "write" > γράμμα (מכתב) "that which is written"
ὁράω (ארא) "see" > ὅραμα (מראה) "that which is seen, spectacle'
ὁράω (ארא) "see" > ὅρασις (תארה) "'seeing, the act of sight"
δωσῶ (אתן) "give" > δόμα (מתן) "that which is given, a gift"

דבש/(ϝ)ὀπός "sap, juice of the fig-tree" *of a bee-hive/favus
צוף/σκύφος "cup, can" (σκ/צ)
נפת/ὄπισμα "Juice of plants"
צור > κηρός "honeycomb, bees-wax"

דבשת is a the hump of a Camel, hence gibbus/ὗβος

[Lycurgus]

στεῖνος - narrow, close, or confined space, straits, distress.

The στ is צ (double letter) and the ν is ר hence צר and ציר.

צירים/στεινάς "distress"
במקום צר/ἐν οἰκήματι στείνω "In a narrow place"
Proverb 23:27 - a strange woman is a narrow pit' , צרה/στενὸν, נכריה/ἐγχωροῖ.

ἀρχιδιάκονος "chief deacon" > כהן הראש.
מום/μῶμος 'blemish' , Momus.

באר is a well, hence φρέαρ, the first ρ drops out, a homonym is באר/πόρος 'passing of a river, passage-way' and poetic for the River Styx. In Phoenician, this is באר־השחת. Oaths where sworn upon the river Styx, hence στύγος became the word שבע "Oath" hence the narrative. באר־השבע/באר־השחת. (πόρος τῆς στυγός).

Phoenicians have there own names for all the Greek and Roman gods.

The first word of the Iliad is μῆνιν, the Doric spelling is μᾶνιν, in Phoenician this is פנים. The initial letter is a labial. The wrath of the Lord (פני יהוה/μανι Διός)

ἄειδε is a an Imperative, שירה, so μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ > פנים שירה אלא (Iliad 1:1), the forth word of the Iliad is patronymic, so we instead take Πηλεύς (פלוא,פלת) and prefix it with בן־ hence בן־פלת or בנ־פלוא.

Phone in Phoenician is ענה, Gk. φωνή, the φ absorbed into the ע and מענה means φώνημα 'sound made, utterance, singer's voice'.

Proverbs 15:1 - מענה־רך "Soft answer" (φώνημα μαλακός), the μα- drops out. λακ/רך.

חמה/θυμός "wrath" (Iliad 16.161)
קשת/τοξότης 'Bowman, Archer' (Iliad 11.385)
חצים/οἰστόν 'Arrow' στ/צ (Iliad 4.85)
חלב/γλάγος 'Milk' (Iliad 2.459)
ליש/λίς 'Lion' (Iliad 11.21 0)

The word 'proverbs' is משלי, this came from ἐπιχειρήματα, but does root to the verb, אמשל "I (will) rule" which is βασιλεύω. β/מ (Labials). ממשל is βασίλειον 'kingly dwelling, palace', the -ιον converts into the initial מ.

Roofs
ערבות/όροφος 'roof, reed used for thatching houses' and roots عَرَفَات‎ (Arafat).
גג "roof" > στέγα, τέγος, سقف, tego, Decke, dekken, þekja, thatch.
גג (roof) in Latin is prefixed with pro-, hence protego that derives Protect. cf. מגן

אנכי מגן לך/ego protector tuus" "I am thy shield"
וגנותי על־העיר/et protegam civitatem" "I will defend this city"
על־גג/"super tectum" "upon the roof"

Preposition (both sides, about)
פי־, ἀμφί, ambi-, ambi- , this preposition is a compound, על־פי.
פינחס—Ἀμφινεικής 'contested on both sides'
מפיבשת—Ἀμφιγύεις 'lame on both sides'
אפיקי—ἀμφικίων 'pillars on both sides'
פיפיות—ἀμφήκης, ἀμφί ξίφος, 'double-edged (sword)'
סביב—ἀμφιβαίνω 'surround, go about or around, encompass Lt. ambience
פילגש—ἀμφί λέχος 'concubine'

עמק "valley" , the dialectic guise of κόλπος. κ(ע)_λ(ע)_π(ק) for the Valley of Lebanon or Laconia.
עור "Blind" , ור means ὁράω, formed through Greek with ἄ (without) + ὁράω (sight)

ולד : βλαστός 'offspring'
מולדת : βλάστημα 'offspring, offshoot'
מכרת : χωρίον 'place, spot, district' (-ίον > -מ)
ירא - Fear (τρέω) Lt. terreō
מורא - Tremor(τρόμος)

מוקש/δίκτυον 'fishing-net, hunting-net' since the Greek nominative terminates with ν and יקש is the verb, δικει
יקוש/δικτυωτός 'made in net-fashion, latticed, trellised' .

ירקרק/ὠχρόξανθος 'a pale yellow color' in Leviticus 13:49
חור/ὦχρος 'pale, wan, of complexion'
צרעה/ἀνθρήνη "wasp
סוף 'red' (sea) = φῦκος, Lt. fucus 'red dye, orchil, seaweed' cf. στιβάς
אשכול/σταφύλη 'grapes'
אשישי/ἀσταφίς 'dried grapes'
בצל/γηθυλλίς, ασκολόνιον 'spring-onion, Scallion'
קשוא/κολοκύνθη, 'pumpkin, Squash, curcurbita
מקשה/σικυώνη 'cucumber'
שום/χαμαί, 'Garlic

[Lycurgus]

Dionysus, Bacchus and Herucles are important deities in Ancient Phoenician culture, the origin of the deities attributed to them, the mother of Dionysus is the daughter of Cadmus, a Phoenician prince from Tyre.

Διόνυσος

The common etymology of Διόνυσος is "God of Nysa", Νῦσα is نيحا‎/ניחא "Niha, Lebanon". Since the ῦ in Νῦσα is pronounced y, it is written with an י as in Σάτυροι/שעירים, a word associated with Dionysus. י & ו interchange in Aramaic and Hebrew, so נוחא is valid, the terminal א is perhaps the Aramaic article.

אנוח means παύω/pauso 'pause, rest' as in the name נח 'Noah', who planted a vineyard, who drank wine and became a drunkard.

ניחא may relate to ni-sir (Nisir, Nimush), resting place of the Ark in the the Epic of Gilgamesh. Tablet V mentions Mount Hermon, so highly like that the resting place was probably Lebanon. Wine making is a tradition that goes back 6000 years in Lebanon.

יין/οἶνος
שכר/σίκερα, μέθυ 'fermented liquor, strong drink'
אשכר/μεθύσκω 'make drunk, intoxicate
מזג/תמוז/בכות/בכי/μέθη/Βάκχος/ἰαχή/Κωκυτός (μ/ב, θ/χ/כ)

The Ark is תבת/κιβωτός, the κ turns into ת as in οἰκός/בית and is the same word for the Ark of Deucalion and the Akkadian word, Kippatu. The Greek word is defined as Box, chest, coffer, thus relates too κύβος 'anything of cubic shape' that derives الكعبة and one of the definitions of κύβος 'part of an irrigation-machine' that controls the amount of water a plant needs in intervals, is why the story concludes with the vineyard. There was no boat, only in the imagination of the reader. It was an animal powered Phoenician aqueduct with wheels and conduits. cf. רקיע/τροχίζω 'furnish with wheels'. cf. κατακλείς/תעלה/חדקל.

Melqart is spelled מלקרת, phonetically similar to Ἡρακλῆς with the מ dropped, or more likely represents the -ιον, in Ἡράκλειον. ל/ρ, ק/κ, ר/λ. cf. Mercurius. cf. ἔργμᾳ, ἐργάτας, ἔργον, ϝάργον, ϝέργον

Hercules is a Lion Slayer which is הרג־ליש (erglis), compare with hercle (Etruscan), Herclēs or Hercelēs/הרג־הליש (ergelis) "Slayer of the Lion" (pun?)

Νεμέος λέων (Nemean lion) "roaring Lion"
Lion's Roar is נהם (NEM), Gk. ἠχή, ἄχη, -μαι (pun).
Ἥρᾱ/אלא "Goddess"

הרג/הריג = ἐναρίζω, ἔναρα, ἐναίρω

[Lycurgus]

מצבה is a pillar, the צ represents στ in ἵστημι, also found in country names, Pakistan, the suffix -istan. It is unfortunate that Western alphabets did not adopt the letter צ for "st".

מצבה begins with מ־, thus defined as σταθμός, in which the Greek suffix -μός is converts into the Phoenician prefix מ־, the verb also written מצדה. θ/σ/ד/ב.

The given root of מצבה is נצב, the initial נ־ represents -μι in ἵστημι that drops out, for example in ויצב/ἔστη and יצב/ἵστησι/στήσει, the pronunciation is through Doric Greek. η > α. ויצב/ἔστα, יצב/ἱστασι/στάσει (ἵσταμι) as in Pakistan. The given transliteration of נצב is (na-)tsab.

מקבה means 'Hammer', the meaning is through קבה/κοπίς > מקבה/κόπανον and the second definition is "hole" through σκάμμα 'that which has been dug', in which the -μα modifies σκαπτός > καπ/קב. In the Greek lexicon, κόπανον is a variant of σκέπανος.

חגו, נקבה/διακοπή "cut through' (poetic for female)
מלל/προλαλέω, ἀπολαλέω, διαλαλέω (לל/λαλ)
מהללאל/ἄγαλμα θεῷ "gift to God"
הללויה (Hallelujah) "ἀλαλαὶ ἰὴ παιών" "Io Paieon, Io, cry"
אילילי/ὀλολύζω "cry with a loud voice, of women, either with jubilant voice or in lamentation" (יל/-ίζω)

These cries are very common in Ancient Mediterraneans poetry and hymns.

οἴνας is a pigeon, hence יונה, the given root of יונה and οἴνας is οἰνός "wine" for the colour, οἰνωπός. 'ruddy-complexioned', epithet of Dionysus. This may derive יונה "Jonah", this name was written אליונה/אריונה known in Greek sources, as Ἀρίονα (of Μήθυμνα) hence (אליונה (בן־אמתי who threw himself in a sea and rescued by a Dolphin.

ימים means ἡμίονος 'half-ass, i.e. mule'.
Emmanuel (עמנואל) means ἡμίονος θεοῦ "God's mule", the Phoenician epithet of King Cyrus, the mule-king, because he was half Mede and Persian. cf. עלמה/πῶλος. פרד, פרש/οὐρεύς/ἵππος.

δασύπους means 'rough-foot' describing the Hare, hence שפן, apparently the origin of the name Spain described as an Island of Rabbits, אי שפן/νῆσος δασύποδός. אי/Γαῖ .

δασύς = דשא, עשב,עשו 'with a shaggy-surface, thick with leaves, thickly wooded, bushy country'

[Lycurgus]

شاء/ἐθέλω 'willing' hence إسلام‎/ἐθελημός, ἐθελαμός cf. ἐθελοντήρ/voluntārius
תרפים/τρίπους tripod, i.e. three-legged cauldron, votive gifts in temples'
עשרים/εἰκόσιν, viginti "twenty"
אל שדי/ὁ Ζεύς *dzéus שד/Ζ
אשכל/χηρόω 'make desolate, bereave of children, forsake'
שכם/σάκος 'pen, fold, for rearing lambs, sacred enclosure, precinct, sepulchre'
מורה/μορία 'the sacred olives in the Academy'
מקנה/ὤνημα 'purchase'
יבשה/δίψιος (adj) 'thirsty, and of things, dry, parched' (בש/ψ)
מקוה/ἀγών 'gathering'
משקה/πότιμος 'drinkable, fresh, watered, irrigated' (μος/מ)
בר/πυρός, Puls. "Grain"
בר/παῖς, παῦς Puer "Son"
גבר/κοῦρος "young men" (ῦ/ב)
גבריאל /κοῦρος θεοῦ 'God's gift to his parents, acolyte'
גברת/κυρίᾳ 'mistress'
גביר/κύριος 'master, Lord' (ύ/ב, ρι/ιρ)
שאר/πενθερός 'father-in-law'
ששן/γηθοσύνη 'Joy, delight'
הדה/Ωδωνις 'Adonis'
אדון/Ἄδωνις 'Adonis'
חרמון/Ἕρμαιών 'called after Hermes'
רפאים/εὐτραφῶν 'well-grown, fat'
עמלק/ἁνδρόγίγας 'big-men'
עוג/Ὠγύγης 'gigantic'
חברון/ὑπερόγκων ''of excessive bulk or size, swelled to a great size'
ירדן/ἀρδάνιον, ἀρδάλιον 'water-pot or trough'
חלבנה/χαλβανη 'the resinous juice of all-heal' root. ἀλείφω
לבנה /γαλάκτινος 'milk-white' of the λίβανος ('frankincense tree)
זכה/διαυγής 'translucent, transparent, shine through

πάσσαλος, πάτταλος is a peg, of stakes used to mark boundaries is יתד/وتد (λ/ד), the root is πήγνυμι 'to stick or fix in, pitch a tent' = נטה

משפחה "Family", the root is זרע, the Greek is σπέρμα/מזרע/משפחה, the ρ drops out in σπέρμα hence משפחה and μα converts into the initial מ. σπ/שפ. The confused Biblical lexicographers gives no valid root for משפחה and confuses the word with שפחה 'handmaid, maidservant' which is θεράπαινα ' a waiting maid, handmaid,' θπ/שפ.

[Lycurgus]

שגל "King's consort, Queen"
- συγκλίτης 'one who lies with one, companion at table'
- συγκλίνω 'lay together, lie with γυναικί

(Arabic)
شكل (A) (συγκλίνω) 'plait two locks of hair right to left'
شكل (B) (ἐκδέω) 'fetter the legs of a beast of burden'
شلح (ἀποστέλλω) 'put off, remove'
أسطول (στόλος) 'sea-force, fleet' (צי, חיל)
خنزير (τάνυθριξ) 'long-haired, shaggy, a bristly swine' (חזיר) ν/ن
رافائيل (θέραψ θεοῦ)
عملاق (ανδρογιγας) 'giant-man'
خنثى (ἀνδρόγυνος) 'man-woman'
امرأة (ἀνδρίς) 'woman'
عذراء (ἄνανδρος) 'husbandless, of virgins and widows'
أحمر, أسمر, شام (σκάμανδρος, ξάνθον) 'yellow, of various shades, freq. with a tinge of red, brown, auburn'
ابدي (ἐς ἀίδιον) 'everlasting'
طالوت (τελευταῖος) 'Teleutias
عفريت (Ifrit), a demon of Arabic folk-law, from ψιθυριστής 'whisperer, slanderer, epithet of Hermes and Aphrodite'
ψιθυριστής, ψίθυρος, ψιδόνες, ψυθῶνες > שטן/شيطان. ψιθ/شيط.

[Lycurgus]

عذراء (ἄνανδρος) 'Virgin'

Arabic vocabulary highly influenced by Greek. In Phoenician, عذراء/ἄνανδρος appears uncompounded, for the Greek word is a compound of ἄνευ ἀνδρός and is written לא־איש or לא־אדם.

Phoenician does this with ἄνθρωπος written בן־אדם, This denotes mankind in plural, ἅνθρωποι/בני־אדם, the plural marker (-ι) is given too בני not אדם.

בן־חמור/Ὁμηρίδης (-δης/בן־). pl, Ὁμηρίδαι (בני־חמור).

אחדש/ἀνακτίζω 'rebuild'
ביצה/ἐπῳάδιος 'upon the egg, hatched' /ἐπῳάζω 'sit or brood upon eggs'

[Lycurgus]

Phoenician infinitive is the same as English.

לתת = "To Give"

In Latin, ל is a suffix, -re, hence da(re), the Greek is διδό(ναι), the word for give in all these languages are cognates. The root is נתן, the initial נ־ indicates that the verb is a deponent, in the middle or passive voice or in -μι or ἔν-.

An example is ἡγέομαι, only in the middle-passive voice, thus in Phoenician, written נהג. In Hebrew, the verb is instead pronounced resembling the Doric dialect of Greek.

נהג/ἁγέομαι 'to go before, lead the way, .to lead an army or fleet,
מנהג/ἁγεμόνευμα 'leading, drive chariots'
נטה/πήγνῦμι 'pitch' (a tent)
נטש/προδίδωμι 'deliver up, give-up, forsaken'
נשק/ἀσπάζομαι 'to welcome greet, to embrace, kiss'
נגד/διηγέομαι 'set out in detail, describe', מגיד/διήγημα 'tale'
נגע/ἱκνέομαι 'come, arrive'
נוד/ἀλάομαι 'wander, roam' , נד/ἀλάτας 'vagabond, wanderer'
נאק/μυκάομαι 'low, bellow, groaning, of cattle'
נהר/ῥέομαι 'of that which flows, a river'
נשא/ἔνεικε, אשא/οἴσω, ברא/φέρω, φάρω 'to bear, bear along, implying motion' (Irregular)

[Lycurgus]

The story of Atlantis is entirely put into a Phoenician context, In fact, according to Plato, the language of Atlantis was Phoenician, for he mentions that the name of one the Kings, Eumelus in the native language, is named Gadeira, the Phoenician word is גדרה 'cattle fold', usually translated into ἔπαυλις 'fold for cattle' hence εὔμηλος 'rich in sheep'.

The Phoenician word for rich is הון (ἠΰ, ἠύν, ἐύν, εὖ, ἠΰ).

εὔμηλος originally spelled εὔμαλος. This cognates the word 'Camel', that describes the animal as a big sheep, hence גמל, literally, μέγα μαλος > γαμαλ (جمل, κάμηλος).

The word μῆλον means sheep and apple, is homologous with the Arabic, إبل "Camels"

إبل is always plural, the Hebrew word is אולי and a variant of ب/و/י/ו . איל//Ϝ hence ὄις, ovis, ὄϝις, ὄβις
thus also כבש/خروف ' ram, ewe', and רחל/ῥήν, ϝρήν, ῥᾶνα, τρανόν 'sheep, lamb'

κάμηλος ἀρνός 'Camel lamb'
ἀμνός/אמר 'lamb'
κριός/כר 'ram'

[Lycurgus]

תפלה = ἀντιβόλησις, ἀντιβολία 'prayer, entreaty'
- אתפלל/ἀντιβάλλω = ἀντιβολέω ' to meet as a suppliant, entreat ('προσπίπτω)

In the verb, ת represents ἀντι, but in the noun, the initial ת represents -τις, added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process.

בלל, בלול = βάλλω 'throw, bathe, throw, fall (πίπτω/נחת)
דבה = διαβολή 'false accusation, slander
إبليس = διάβολος 'slanderer
התנפל = εἰσβάλλω 'to throw oneself into, make an inroad into
חבלה = ἐκβάλλω 'of plants, put forth fruit'
שבלה = ἐκβολή ' mouth of a river, that which comes out, ears of corn' (شلال)
הפיל = ἐμβάλλω 'hand in, submit a petition, hand in, submit a petition, draw lots'
קבל = ἐμβολή 'the head of a battering ram'
יובל = ἔμβολος 'brazen beak, ram, a bolt, bar, .anything pointed so as to be easily thrust in (خابور)
חבל = καταβολή, καταβάλλω 'throwing down, begetting, paying down by installments, deposit
כרבל = περιβάλλω, περιβολή 'throw around or on oneself, of clothing
פרבר = προβολή 'a putting forward, esp. of a weapon for defence, advanced body of cavalry'
תבולל = συμβάλλω 'jumble up together (בלל)

multi-directional influence.

πεδίον ἁρμοῦ/פדן ארם 'the plain of the junctions of the two Scythian rivers cf. μεσοποτάμιος
> πεδίον αργος > عراق "Iraq" (عراق ארם)

[Lycurgus]

Phoenicians are mostly known as merchants.

מקנה

This circulation of cattle wealth structured Mediterranean society and are strongly associated with wealth, thus מקנה means cattle, possession, purchase, price, acquisition, the noun is prefixed מ־ which moves to the suffix position in Greek, henceforth, κτῆμα/ὤνημα 'purchase', the Latin word is Vēnum, compare with Germanic, Gewinn and Welsh, Prynu.

ὠνέομαι only in middle voice, but the Phoenician verb is not written with נ־ but the very endings, the
-μαι in ὠνέομαι came from μοι, the dative 1st person pronoun, which is לי,

(Perfect MV)
קניתי לי/ἐώνημαι, κέκτημαι "I have purchased for myself
קנית לך/ἐώνησαι, κέκτησαι "You have purchased for yourself
קנה לו/ἐώνηται, κέκτηται "He purchased for himself"

(reflective pronouns)
לי, םי/μοι (-μαι) "to myself" (mī, mihī)
לך/σοι (-σαι) "to yourself" (tibi)
לו/αὑτῷ (-εται) "to himself" (sibi)
לנו/με δε (-μεθα) "to ourselves" (nōbīs)
לכם/σε δε (-εσθε) "to yourselves" (vōbīs)
להם/αὐτοῖς (-ονται) "to themselves" (sibi)
* להם > Lhem Them

לך־לך (Lech-Lecha), the first component, לך־ is ἐρχ- and ־לך is the reflective pronoun. cf. ἔρχῃ, ἐλεύσεαι, ἤλυθες, ἦνθες, ἦλθες.

Adjectives
קריא, קרוא 'renowned, famous' (κλειτός) (Cleito)
עגיל, עגול 'rounded (κυκλωτός)
ברוך 'blessed (εὐλογητός)
חבוש 'yoked (ζευκτός)
חמוד 'desired (ἐπιθυμητός)
עריץ 'best (ἅριστος)
ארור 'accursed (ἀρατός)
קדיש, קדוש 'hallowed (ἁγιστός)
אהוב 'beloved (ἀγαπητός)
שאול 'asked for (αἰτητός)
אנוש 'incurable (ἀνάκεστος)
חרוץ 'easily numbered(ἀριθμητός)
אביר 'immortal, divine (ἄμβροτος)
חמוץ, חמיץ 'fermented, leavened (ζυμωτός)
ראיות 'visable (ὁρατός)
ערוץ 'dug, formed by digging (ὀρυκτός)
שעיר 'hairy (τριχωτός)
ערום 'prudent, sagacious of birds as giving omens (φρόνιμος)
משיח 'smeared on (ἐπίχριστος)
חסיד, חרוץ, 'useful, good (χρηστος)
פזורה, זרועה 'cultivated (σπαρτός)
ערוך 'stretched out (ὀρεκτός)
תקועה 'stuck in (πηκτός)
טביח, טבוח 'roasted (ὀπτητός)
נבון 'wise (πινυτός)

[Lycurgus]

Phoenician economy and political structures.

אגורה, גרה 'a small coin (ἀργυρίς)
דרכמן 'silver coin worth six obols (δραχμῇ)
שקל 'coin, 1/3000th part of the Babylonian silver talent (σίγλος,σίκλος)
מרבית 'profit (καρπισμός) μός/מ
תרבית 'use, profit' (κάρπωσις) σις/ת
שער 'market-place (ἀγορά)
סחר 'trader (ἀγοραῖος)
מסחר 'that which is bought or sold, wares, merchandise (ἀγόρασμα)
מוצא 'duty on exports (ἐξαγώγιον)
אוציא 'of merchandise, etc., carry out, export (ἐξάγω)
אשכר 'let out for hire (μισθόω)
שכור 'hired, freq. of soldiers, mercenaries (μισθωτός)
משכרה 'price agreed on in hiring, contract-price (μίσθωμα)
משאה 'a loan (δάνεισμα, δάνειον)
אשיך 'lend on interest (τοκίζω)
נשכיך 'money-lender, usurer (τοκιστής)
אלוה 'put out money at usury, lend (δανείζω)
חבל 'down-payment, paid money as a deposit (καταβολῇ)
ארכל 'deal in petty wares (ῥωπίζω, ῥωποπωλέω)
רכל 'dealer in petty wares, huckster (ῥωποπώλης)
רכלה 'petty wares (ῥῶπος)
יערים 'market-place, business of the agora (ἀγοραί, Forum) F/י
בעל,בלע 'Council of elders, Senate (βουλή)
צער 'assembly, esp. of the People (ἀγορά)
שערים, שרוחן 'city ruled by two assemblies, people's + council of chiefs (ἀγοραῖν)
סוד 'assembly, meeting, for festal purposes (σύνοδος)
עדה 'body of men, trade-associations or guilds (ἔθνος)
עגלים 'popular assemblies, mass of the soldiers (in a contemptuous sense) (ὄχλοι)
בעלים 'citizen, freeman, a member of a city or state (πολῖται)

[Lycurgus]

ὥρακα (וראיתי) "I have seen"
ὁρατός (ראיות) 'to be seen, visible'
ὅραμα (מראה) 'that which is seen, visible object, sight'
ὅρασις (תארה) 'seeing, the act of sight'
οῖδα, ἔγνωκα, vīdī (ידעתי)
εἴδημα (מדע)
εἰδέναι, γιγνώσκω, vidēre (לדעת)
ἴσθι, γνῶτε, vidē (ידעה)

Latin and Greek are written in the Phoenician script, those who study Latins know that the language is exclusive to the script, the oldest Latin inscriptions, the script resembles Phoenician and are written either directions or both and it was through Phoenician, not Latin that deciphered the Etrsucan language through Pyrgi Tablets, written in Etruscan and Phoenician, an ancient Etruscan port in Latium, central Italy, thus Phoenician must have being spoken in and around Ancient Italy.

The founding of Pyrgi was ascribed to the Pelasgi (Πελασγός) 'people of the coast-land' in Phoenician, they are the פלשתים/Πελασγοί, the word came from ἡ πάραλος γῆ 'the coast-land', such as the coast-land of Attica or the coast-land of Phoenicia.

לקחתי (εἴληχα/tetuli) "I have taken" (obtain by lot, possessed of a thing, fall to one's lot or share)
מלקח (λαχμός) 'that which is obtained' '
לקש ,לקט (λογίζομαι, λέγω) 'gather, pick up' (ט/ש = ζ)
אלק (λείχω) 'lick up, play with the tongue' (χ/ק)
לג (λόγος) 'measure
להג (λόγος) 'argument, discourse,
לוח (πλάξ) 'flat stone, tablet
אלוש (πλάσσω) 'knead bread
אלחם (πολεμέω) 'to be at war'
מלחמה (πόλεμος) 'war (מ/μος)
לחם (Δημήτηρ) 'bread (τηρ)
למדתי (μεμάθηκα) 'i have learned
תלמוד (μάθησις) 'Instruction - μ(ל) ν(מ) θ(ד)
אלעג (γελάω) 'laugh
לשון (γλῶσσα) 'tongue
למה (τι χρῆμα) 'what, why
לענה (λάχανον) 'garden herbs (ה/ν)

[Lycurgus]

They are only 2nd person singular and plural imperatives in Phoenicians. ־ה (singular), ־ו (plural).
- גילה/χαῖρε 'hello, Salute, Hail, rejoice' Pl. גילו/χαίρετε

Abigail (אביגיל) came from this word, the prefix (אבי־) in the name represents εὖ, thus written εὔχαρις or εὐχαρής meaning 'charming, gracious, of Aphrodite, of animals' (ὖ/β).

שלום, שלוה, שאנן, שלאנן, שלו/γάληνος, γαληνά 'stillness of the sea, calm, of persons, gentle
אבשלום/εὐγάληνος 'very calm'

Phoenicians primarily sea faring, a calm still sea means שלום/γαληνά (σάλασσα)

אבישמע/Εὔφαμος 'fair-spoken
מכרכר/ἀνακρούων ' in Music, strike up, strike a stringed instrument with a plectron,

[Lycurgus]

The Arabic definite article, ال was also used in Phoenician and Biblical Hebrew and correspond to ὁ, ἧ, ἁ, irrespective of gender and number and same rules apply.

כאשר/καθάπερ 'according as, just as'
אשר/ἅπερ, ἇσπερ 'who, which'
אי־זה/ὅς γε 'he who, which'
הזה/ὅς δέ, ὅδε 'that is, here is
בזה/ὧδε 'here (פו, פא, פה)
הבה/ἄγε 'come! (precedes first person subjunctives)
כה/ὡς 'thus, with verbs of learning, saying (כה־אמר)
אם/ἐάν, ἤν, ἄν 'if haply, if, followed by subj.
כי/κε 'he came, may he, with the fut. indicative
כי/ὅτι 'that
פן/μή ' surely not, with subj.
טרם/πρίν ' as conjunction, before that, before, .with Subj. only after negatives or equiv
מה/ τί 'with the opt., expresses doubt, who could, who would do so
איפה, איכה/ὅπη, ὅκῃ, ὅππα 'by which, what way
אהך, איך/κῆ, πῆ 'in what, way, how'
איה/πει 'where
אן, אין, אנה/ἵνα 'in that place, there,
אך, לא, או /οὐχ, οὐ, οὐκ 'not
אף/καί 'and, also, even
מתי/ποτε 'when? at what time?
הי/εἱ 'be
הכי/ἄρα γε, οὔχι 'then surely
הנה/ἔνθα 'there
עוד,עד/ἑως, εἵως 'until, till, of time
עד־מתי/ἑως ποτε 'how long
עד־אם/ἑως ἄν 'until, till
עד־בקר/ἑως πρωί 'until the morning
עד־בוש/ἐς ὀψέ 'until later
עד־אבדון/ἐς ἀΐδιον 'for ever, ad infinitum
איש איש/εἷς ἕκαστος 'each one
עדנה/εἰς τὸ νυν 'hitherto
חיים/αἰών 'lifetime, life

That pretty much removes the artificial barrier between Phoenician and Greek/Latin.

[Lycurgus]

כהנת,כהנה/διακονία/كهنوت - body of servants or attendants (feminine)
הכהן/διάκονος, διάκων, διήκονος - attendant or official in a temple or religious guild
אכהן/διακονέω - to minister, serve, do service (verb)
אשרת/ὑπηρετέω - to be a servant, do service, service on board ship (verb)
שרת/ὑπηρεσία- body of rowers, ship's crew,service
משרת/ὑπηρέτης - underling, servant, attendant, do service on board ship, row a ship

רפא/θέραψ 'cure, heal' (Therapy)
- מרפא/θεράπευμα 'care of the body'
- ארפא/θεραπεύω 'treat medically'

When רפא means giant, the word is instead homologues with ὑπερφυής 'overgrown, enormous, growing above', only in plural, רפאים/ὑπερφυῶν.

אקבץ/συγκομίζω - gather, of the harvest, gather in
סגלה/σύγκλητος - summoned council, at Carthage
מנשה/ἐπίληθος, oblivius, - causing to forget, oblivion
פת־בג/προσφάγιον - anything eaten with other food: generally, something to eat
קדם/πρόσθεν - before, in front, formerly
רב/πρόμος - foremost man, chief > βραβεύς/ῥαββί
ברכה/προΐξ - gift, present
פלצות /παράλυσις - paralysis
מסכתי/μέμιγμαι, miscuī - to mix, mix up, mingle, of liquids.

[Lycurgus]

The most common preposition in Phoenician is ה־ and the languages tends to be non rhotic in comparison to Greek and Latin, thus i suppose ה־ is the origin of the Latin prefix rĕ-, that as no origin in PIE.

השובה = reverte "you shall return" (ἐπίστρεφε)
השובו = revertite "you all shall return" (ἐπιστρέφετε)

ἐπί_στρεφ_ε > ה־שוב־ה

What confirms the cognate are two nouns, στρέμμα and στρέψις

משובה/στρέμμα; That which is twisted, metaphor; conspiracy, band of conspirators, backsliding .
תשובה/στρέψις; Turning round, metaphor; deceit
הפכה/ἀναστροφή, ἀνατροπή; overthrow, ruin
אטפח/ἐκτρέφω; 'rear up children
משתגע/ἐνθουσιασμός 'enthusiasm'
נטרתי/τετήρηκα, אנטר/ἐντηρέω, אטר/τηρέω 'guard,
בטן/ἐντός, intus 'inside, within
בתוככי/ἔντοσθε 'from within (psalm 116:19)
לפני/ἐνώπιος 'facing, to the front'
על פני/ἐπάνω 'above, on the upper side or part'
מרגל/παραγγελεύς, ἐξάγγελος 'informer, spy messenger who brings out news from within'
אחלץ/ἀπαλλάσσω 'set free, deliver אמלל/ἀπόλλυμι, ἀπολύω 'destroy
אליל אלול בליעל ארבאל פלאי אלילים יהוה/Ἀπολλώνιος, Ἀπόλλων 'Apollo
אשדה/εἴσοδος 'entrance ' *confused with אשדוד (Ashdod)
אשדת הפסגה/ἧ είσοδος του τάφου (στέγους, ψεγους) 'entrance to the roof, burial grounds
פסנתרין/ψαλτήριον 'stringed instrument, psaltery (Aramaic) (פסנ־/ψαλ)
רב־מג/πρόμος Μάγου 'chief magi or ἀρχίμαγος
מפקד. Τάγμα , Lt. Legion (פ/Τ/L) 'body of soldiers, division, brigade'
פרדס παράδεισος 'enclosed park, always in reference to the parks of the Persian kings and nobles
מלכי צדק/ταξίαρχοι 'commander of a corps or squadron, taxiarch

Restoring the original Phoenician language through juxtaposition with Ancient Greek.

[Lycurgus]

אמלח/μελαίνω 'blacken, make black (ח/ν)
נמלחו/μελάνθησαν, ἐμελάνθην (Passive)
משלחת/ἀπόστολος 'messenger, ambassador, envoy'
משלחת/ἀποστολή 'sending off or away'
ממד/μέτρημα 'measurement' (μα/מ־)
אמד/μετρέω 'measure, count (μτρ/מדד)
מדה/μέτρον 'weight or measure (ה/ν)
משורה /μέτρον, mensura, 'measure; soldiers rations, dole
מלא/πλέᾶ full, filled' (πλ/מל)
אמלא/πληρόω 'make full'
ממלא/πλήρωμα 'that which fills, complement'
בלימה/πλήμη 'flood-tide
מבול/πλήμη, πλήμυρα 'a flood, deluge
חמוץ/αἱμακτός, αἱματόεις 'blood-red, of dye, mingled with blood
תמחץ/αἱμάσσων 'make bloody, stain with blood'
מהתלה/ἀπάτημα 'deceit, stratagem (מ/μα)
התל/ἀπάτη 'trick, fraud, deceit התלים/ἀπάται (pl) cf. ἀπατηλοί
ממזר/ἀπάτωρ 'without father
מעמסה/γέμισμα 'load, burden, ship's freight
דלת/δέλτος 'writing tablet, from the letter Δ (the old shape of tablets)
דלת/θύρη 'door (feminine)
צדיק/ἔνδικος 'according to right
דין/δίκη 'custom, right
דינה/Δίκη 'Goddess of justice
הצור/ ὁ θεύς 'God (θεός)
אטרף/θρύπτω, θρύβω 'break in small pieces
סרין/θώραξ 'coat of mail

[Lycurgus]

עזים is a Phoenician word describing the waves of the Sea or choppy seas, the Greeks adopted this word as αἶγες but unrelated to the word meaning goat.
*αἶγες - IV. in pl, waves. Artem.2.12 (Liddell & Scott)

Homonym
(1) עזים 'strong, mighty' (ἰσχύες, ἰσχυροί)
(2) עזים 'goats (αἶγες)

In Linear B, goat is aiza

קרח/ξυρήκης 'close-shaven'
קרחה/ξύρησις 'baldness'
אקרח/ξυρίζω > ξυρέω 'shave' /ח, ζ/

يعقوب is the Arabic word for Jacob, but as another meaning, Partridge, the Greek word is κακκάβη, in which the initial κ
is replaced with the guttural ع and the double κκ turns into ق, the Syriac word is ܩܩܒܐ‎. κακκάβη also a word for a three-legged pot, a bowl resting on a tripod,, κάκαβος, envisioned when Jacob held the heel of Esau, the legs are Orontes, Hasbani and Litani. κάκαβος is البقاع‎ with the 12 perennial rivers that flow west to the sea.

The arm or branch of a river is a ראש/κεράς not to be confused with ראש/κράς meaning head

לארבעה ראשים > ἐς τέτορες κέρᾶτα "into four branches"

איככה/ὅππῃ "by which" (ππ/ככ)
עמדי /μετα "with"
היא, הוא/ὁ , ἡ "he, she"

בית־שאן (ϝοῖκος Ζᾱνός) "House of Zeus" (Doric)
בית־לחם (ϝοῖκος Δαμάτρας) "House of Demeter" (Doric)
כהן און (διάκονος Ζηνός) "Priest of Zeus"