h34 wrote:How would you translate these verbs? (infinitive or any other citation form)
(1) to show (something to someone)
(2) to teach
(3) to learn (acquiring knowledge), to study
(4) to learn / to hear (about a fact)
(5) to know (a fact)
I can think of some others that could be added to the list but don't fit into the above categories, like Spanish
conocer = Estonian
tundma = to know a person or place, to be acquainted with; Estonian
oskama = to know how to do something. Also in some languages, (3) is two different things (to study versus to learn) and in other languages they are the same or overlap in different ways, i.e., with the difference between them coming at a different point of meaning.
Like this:
English: (a) to learn [something new] (b) to study [to work towards learning] (c) to study [scientific research]
Spanish: (a) aprender (b) estudiar (c) estudiar
Estonian: (a) õppima (b) õppima (c) uurima
In other words in English and Spanish there is a word that encompasses (b) and (c) but not (a), while in Estonian there is instead a word that encompasses (a) and (b) but not (c).
Of course you can also say analyze or investigate for (c) and so on but what I'm getting at here is that the words used for (a) and (b) have different boundaries in each language, and of course this is just a small set of languages as an example.
This whole set of words involves semantic fields with a lot of diversity.
(1) vise (2) undervise, lære (3) lære (4) få at vide (5) vide
(1) zeigen (2) unterrichten, unterweisen, lehren (3) lernen (4) erfahren (5) wissen
(1) visa (2) undervisa, lära (3) lära sig (4) få veta (5) veta
(1) mostrar, enseñar (2) enseñar (3) aprender [to learn], estudiar [to study] (4) enterarse de (5) saber
(1) показ(ыв)ать (2) преподавать, обучать, обучить (3) учить, учиться, научиться (4) узна(ва)ть (5) знать
(1) rādīt (2) mācīt (3) mācīties (4) uzzināt (5) zināt
(1) näitama (2) õpetama (3) õppima (4) teada saama (5) teadma
(1) индыны (2) велöдны (3) велöдчыны (4) тöдмавны (5) тöдны
(1) няфтемс (2) тонафтомс (3) тонафнемс (4) кармамс содама (5) содамс
(1) ончыкташ (2) туныкташ (3) тунемаш (4) пален налаш (5) палаш
(1) невтемс (2) тонавтомс (3) тонавтнемс (4) кармамс содамо (5) содамс
(1) возьматыны (2) дышетыны (3) дышетскыны (4) тодманы (5) тодыны
(1) näüttää (2) õpõttaa (3) õppia (4) tiiüssää (5) täätää
(1) näütämä (2) oppama (3) oṕma (4) teedäq saama (5) tiidmä