Moderator:Sol Invictus
1. how do you know what the different parts of a word are since the dictionary only lists the inf. part of a word??
2. what's the deal with the second part of verbs in the conjunctive mood?
2. what's the deal with the second part of verbs in the conjunctive mood?
kman1 wrote:2. what's the deal with the second part of verbs in the conjunctive mood?
Give an example
Check out this page:
http://www.ailab.lv/ai1/lgram-ww/conjunct.htm
Under the section "Conjunctive debitive", you'll see the examples:
esot jālasa & būšot jālasa
I don't understand how verbs in the second part, "jālasa", position are formed. In the first part, "esot" and "būšot" are used everytime but what about the second part of this tense??
Btw, thanks for the corrections!
there is limited nummber of prefixes and endings, infinitive ending is -t you replace it with the correct ending, however you should also learn about constant shift (how the sounds change around ending)
2. a. why does ‘rotaļājos’ have ‘ā’ here? b. that’s weird to use a reflexive verb to play with something else like a toy…
3. a. «ēst» is irregular, right? how would I know that the imperfect stem of «ēst» is ‘-d’? Since the perfect tense isn’t used here, then the imperfect tense encompasses the simple past tense as well in Latvian?
4. a. ‘biju’ is 1st person sing. not 2nd person sing., right?
7. a. ‘(sa) lauzis’ what difference does the ‘sa’ make?
b. so it’s just ‘lauzis’ and NOT ‘bija lauzis’ ? I thought that ‘lauzis’ was the past participle of ‘lauzt’… ‘lauzis’ by itself doesn’t make any sense does it?
c. ‘varēt’ is 3rd conjugation? (is that why ‘varēt’ has a ‘j’ in the imperfect tense?)
d. How do you know which conjugation a verb is? This is explained on this site a bit however it’s confusing and not very clear. http://www.ailab.lv/ai1/lgram-ww/verbs.htm
e. since the meaning I want is ‘learning’ then the correct word form is ‘mācīja’ instead of ‘pētīja’ ?
11. a. what is the dictionary form of ‘atgūlies’ ?
I could say ‘biju atgūlies’ or ‘gulēju’, right?
b. ‘gulēju’ this can be used alone to represent the pluperfect progressive tense? Is this how the pluperfect progressive tense is formed in Latvian?
13. on this page in the present tense verb table, the endings that have ‘-’ means the form is: the infinitive minus the last consonant and last vowel.
14. a. ‘nopirkt’ & ‘pirkt’ = ‘to buy’ ? what is the difference between the two?
17. a. why is ‘-a’ added to ‘iznīcināt’ instead of ‘-s’? what form is ‘iznīcināta’ in here? (genitive, nom., etc. ?)
b. ‘ugunsgrēks’ = ‘fire’ so by adding ‘ā’ the meaning changes to ‘by fire’ ? ( I thought by adding the ‘ā’ the nouns go into the locative case, thus the meaning would be ‘in the fire’ therefore meaning ‘destroyed in the fire’ and NOT ‘destroyed by the fire’.. is this correct? )
20. ‘maksātu’ & ‘paliktu’ are in the conditional tense here?
21. a. what tense are these two in ‘būtu (uz)būvējuši’ & ‘būtu bijis’ ? How is this tense formed?
b. why is ‘bijis’ used here instead of ‘bijuši’ ?
do you have any links that explain consonant shifting?
3. a. «ēst» is irregular, right? how would I know that the imperfect stem of «ēst» is ‘-d’? Since the perfect tense isn’t used here, then the imperfect tense encompasses the simple past tense as well in Latvian?
It belongs to first group of the first conjugation. As for the imperfect - most likely, yes
No, although I had omited "bija", in this case you should use it, however in some cases it can be omited in speech.
11. a. what is the dictionary form of ‘atgūlies’ ?
Laid down
No- is prefix which means "from" or "to move away". In this case it could be said that it means that when one would have bought the product and it would have becamed their possession it would be "nopirkt", "pirkt" may refer to the moment of buying (The feel of completed action again - note that Latvian dosen't have continious tenses).
Because for some reason I translated it to myself as "būtu bijis vairāk naudas" (had more money) I don't know for sure why in this case it is "bijis", I guess it has something to do with the adverb "vairāk". Anyway if adverb is omited, it would be "būtu bijusi nauda" not "bijuši", because it refers to money
3. a. «ēst» is irregular, right? how would I know that the imperfect stem of «ēst» is ‘-d’? Since the perfect tense isn’t used here, then the imperfect tense encompasses the simple past tense as well in Latvian?
It belongs to first group of the first conjugation. As for the imperfect - most likely, yes
3. so ‘ēst’ is irregular, then? If not, then how do you know that the imperfect stem is ‘d’? (‘ēst’ -> ‘edu’) Do all 1st conjugation verbs add ‘d’ in the imperfect tense like ‘ēst’ ?
Mostly it is omited when it is clear that it is talked about past, the action is complete i.e. there is no reason to further indicate that by using bija, if several verbs concern one subject it usually is enough if it is clear about one of those.No, although I had omited "bija", in this case you should use it, however in some cases it can be omited in speech.
7. b. Will you please list an example where ‘bija’ can be omitted?
11. a. what is the dictionary form of ‘atgūlies’ ?
Laid down
11. I mean what is the dictionary (infinitive) form of ‘atgūlies’ NOT what’s the meaning.
No- is prefix which means "from" or "to move away". In this case it could be said that it means that when one would have bought the product and it would have becamed their possession it would be "nopirkt", "pirkt" may refer to the moment of buying (The feel of completed action again - note that Latvian dosen't have continious tenses).
14. Will you list an example that clearly indicates the difference between when to use ‘nopirkt’ and ‘pirkt’?
Because for some reason I translated it to myself as "būtu bijis vairāk naudas" (had more money) I don't know for sure why in this case it is "bijis", I guess it has something to do with the adverb "vairāk". Anyway if adverb is omited, it would be "būtu bijusi nauda" not "bijuši", because it refers to money
21. ‘būtu bijis vairāk naudas’ <- here ‘bijis’ matches with ‘naudas’, right? (so ‘naudas’ is masc. sing. nom. correct? why?)
"būtu bijusi nauda" <- here ‘bijusi’ matches with ‘nauda’, right? (here ‘nauda’ is fem. sing. nom. right? why?)
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/litol-8-X.html <- This course you recommended does a good job of explaining verb conjugation classes but it makes a HUGE mistake. It assumes that the reader knows the infinitive stem, the present stem, and the past (preterit) stem the verb. This site doesn’t even mention a place where such a dictionary can be found. The online dictionary that I use doesn’t list the present/past stem of the verb therefore that page is useless without a dictionary that lists the present/past stem of verbs. Do you know of a dictionary that lists present/past stems in addition to the infinitive stem?
No, irregular verbs are būt, iet, dot. According to these spelling rules spelling of first conjugation words reflects historical sound changes (which means that maybe there was d in infintive, but it has changed to s), it says that if rott of the verb ends with s, t or d then before infinitive ending there is s (I suppose it means that s, t or d changes to s, the infinitive ending is either -t or -ties)
atgulties
No, naudas is genitive (literal translation: If I had more of money). It could also have been Plural nominative, however Nauda mostly is used in singular only, masculine dosen't end with -as
I can't find such thing on web
kman1 wrote:No, irregular verbs are būt, iet, dot. According to these spelling rules spelling of first conjugation words reflects historical sound changes (which means that maybe there was d in infintive, but it has changed to s), it says that if rott of the verb ends with s, t or d then before infinitive ending there is s (I suppose it means that s, t or d changes to s, the infinitive ending is either -t or -ties)
It seems you may have misunderstood what I was asking about. My question is ‘how would know that “ēst” ends in (d) in the imperfect tense?’ What you’re explaining is something different. I just want to know why does ‘ēst’ change to ‘ēd-’ in the imperfect tense instead of ‘ēs-’. The ‘s’ changes to a ‘d’, but why?
No, I was explaining that d changes to s, which means that most likely you won't be able to detect this change using infinitiveatgulties
11. where did the ‘t’ at the end go?
As I said when answering to another question in my previous post there is also -ties, it is a reflexiveNo, naudas is genitive (literal translation: If I had more of money). It could also have been Plural nominative, however Nauda mostly is used in singular only, masculine dosen't end with -as
21. a. is ‘naudas’ is genitive then why doesn’t ‘bijis’ match with it? ‘bijis’ is masc. sing. nom. b. also ‘bijusi’ doesn’t match with ‘nauda’, why?
3. so ‘ēst’ is irregular, then? If not, then how do you know that the imperfect stem is ‘d’? (‘ēst’ -> ‘edu’) Do all 1st conjugation verbs add ‘d’ in the imperfect tense like ‘ēst’ ?
21. a. is ‘naudas’ is genitive then why doesn’t ‘bijis’ match with it? ‘bijis’ is masc. sing. nom. b. also ‘bijusi’ doesn’t match with ‘nauda’, why?
b. ‘gulēju’ this can be used alone to represent the pluperfect progressive tense? Is this how the pluperfect progressive tense is formed in Latvian?
This course you recommended does a good job of explaining verb conjugation classes but it makes a HUGE mistake. It assumes that the reader knows the infinitive stem, the present stem, and the past (preterit) stem the verb. This site doesn’t even mention a place where such a dictionary can be found.
English-Latvian dictionaries don't contain such information (perhaps they are aimed at Latvians). There is a Latvian online dictionary, however it too has only infinitive for most of the verbs.エヴァルダス wrote:You need a dictionary, not a vocabulary. Every serious Latvian dictionary must contain this information. If you don't have any, get one.
By the way, dictionary of modern Lithuanian is accessible online.
Būtu tāpat jauki, ja pie latviešu valodas vārdnīcas visi tāpat varētu pieiet internetā...
English-Latvian dictionaries don't contain such information (perhaps they are aimed at Latvians).
P.S. エヴァルダス, Confused you sort of said "randomly walk up to" you should rather have said something like "ja arī latviešu valodas vārdnīca būtu visiem pieejama"
No, I was explaining that d changes to s, which means that most likely you won't be able to detect this change using infinitive.
By the way, dictionary of modern Lithuanian is accessible online.
They do it in the Lithuanian version! The Latvian-Lithuanian section contains everything you need to know! This is your salvation, Kman.
This dictionary list the three main forms for Latvian verbs?
Since the dictionary is Latvian-Lithuanian-Latvian and I’m a native English speaker how will I find the three main forms of the Latvian verb that I’m looking for??
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