Postby Adfleekto Asashchee » 2007-08-05, 3:51
Aa Áá Bb Dd Ðð Ee Ëë Éé Ff Gg Hh Ii Íí Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn
Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Úú Vv Yy Ÿÿ Ýý Ęę Ææ Øø Œœ
A (hard vowel):
Pronunced [ɑˑ]: dag [dɑˑɣ] n. 'day'
Pronunced [a]: Gakk! [gakː] v. imp. sg. 'Walk!'
Pronunced [æˑ]: karr [kʰæˑɾ] n. 'man'
Pronunced [æ]: mark [mæʂk] n. 'worm'
Á (hard vowel):
Pronunced [oː]: hárð [hoːɽ] adj. 'hard'
Pronunced [ɔ]: háttlegjen [ˈhɔtː`ˌleɪːn] adj. 'pleasant, nice'
B:
Pronunced [b]: beðlenn [ˈbeˑ`ˌɽən] n. 'patience' (only found in North Norse, from ONN biðlund)
Pronunced [bː]: stubb' [stʰɞ`ɞbː] n. 'stump'
D:
Pronunced [d]: dętt' [dɛ`ɛtː] v. 'fall heavily'
Pronunced [dː]: rædd [rædː] adj. 'afraid'
Pronunced [ð]: slada [l̥aˑ`ða] n. 'sledge'
Ð:
Pronunced [ ]: bíð' [biː`i] v. 'wait'
Pronunced [ɣ]: bouð [bɞɵːɣ] v. imperf. 'offered'
Pronunced [ʋ]: souð [sɞɵːʋ] n. 'sheep'
E (soft vowel):
Pronunced [eˑ]: len [leˑn] adj. 'mild, smooth'
Pronunced [e]: vet [ʋetː] n. 'wit, understanding'
Ë (hard vowel):
Pronunced [eˑ]: skëkin [skʰeˑ`tʃɪn] adj. 'shaken'
É (soft vowel):
Pronunced [jeː]: éling [jeː`ɽɪŋ] n. 'small storm'
Pronunced [je]: létt [jetː] adj. 'light, low-weighted'
Pronunced [eː]: kné [kneː] n. 'knee'
Pronunced [e]: tétt [tʃʰetː] adj. 'dense'
(This vowel was earlier pronunced [ɪeː] which explains the examples above. This is in common with the dialects in Trøndelag, Norway. It's also the Icelandic pronunciation of the same letter.)
F:
Pronunced [f]: fœðnisk [føː´nɪsk] adj. 'very old'
Pronunced [fː]: nøff [nøfː] int. 'oink' (pig's sound)
(The long 'f' mainly for interjections and borrowed words from Low German.)
G:
Pronunced [g]: gás [goːs] n. 'goose'
Pronunced [ggː]: vęgg [ʋɛgː] n. 'wall'
Pronunced [ɣ]: vaga [ʋaˑ`ɣa] v. 'weigh'
Pronunced [j] (in fr. of soft vow.): geit [jeɪːt] n. 'goat'
Pronunced [ ]: tókug [tʰuː`kɵ] adj. 'crazy'
(Note the special combinations gj-, -ngj- and -ggj- which are [j], [dʒ] and [dʒː], respectively. Examples: gjara [jaˑ`ɾa] v. 'do'; tingjeð [tʰɪɲ´dʒə] n. def. 'the thing'; vęggjen [ʋɛdʒː´ən] n. def. 'the wall'.)
H:
Pronunced [h]: huvuð [hɵˑ`vɵ] n. 'head'
Pronunced [ ]: hvonn [ʋɞnː] pron. 'every, each'
(Note the special combination hj- pronunced [j]. Example: hjęrt' [jæ`æʈː] n. 'heart'.)
I (soft vowel):
Pronunced [ɪˑ]: rivin [rɪˑ`vɪn] adj. 'torn'
Pronunced [ɪ]: kipp' [tʃʰɪ`ɪpː] v. 'put on [shoes] quickly'
(Note that in words of the type -iCi-, e.g. rivin adj. 'torn', ridið v. sup. 'ridden' etc., the pronunciation [-ɪˑCɪ-] is highly normalised. Today, only a few dialects (western ones) have this pronunciation. Most of the actual dialects instead have [-eˑCɪ-], [-eˑCe-] etc.)
Í (soft vowel):
Pronunced [iː]: ís [iːs] n. 'ice'
Pronunced [i]: fínt [fint] adv. 'elegantly'
(Actually, there's a difference in pronunciation quality here; the short [i] is in quality between the long [iː] and the short [ɪ] for i.)
J:
Pronunced [j]: jamn [jamn] adj. 'even, smooth'
(Assimilated in various ways in combinations like gj, hj, kj, lj etc. and thus making the preceding consonant appear soft or silent.)
K:
Pronunced [k]: káll' [kʰɔ`ɔlː] v. 'call'
Pronunced [kː]: bękk [bɛkː] n. 'creek'
Pronunced [tʃ] (in fr. of soft vow.): kær [tʃʰeːɾ] adj. 'in love, beloved'
(Note that the special combination -kkj- is pronunced [tʃː]. Example: bękkjen [bɛtʃːən] n. def. 'the creek'.)
L:
Pronunced [l]: litteð [lɪtː´ə] adv. 'little'
Pronunced [lː]: fjęll [fjɛlː] n. 'mountain'
Pronunced [ɽ]: hol [hɞˑɽ] n. 'hole'
Pronunced [l̥]: kállt [kʰɔl̥t] adv. 'coldly'
(Note that in many combinations with voiceless consonants, l often gets assimilated to form a voiceless l. Examples: sleip [l̥eɪːp] adj. 'slippery'; nętl' [nɛ`l̥ː] n. 'nettle'. One also has assimilations where the product is a retroflex consonant. Example: bold [bɞɖː] n. 'boil, abscess'.)
M:
Pronunced [m]: møy [møʏː] n. 'maid'
Pronunced [mː]: kamm [kʰamː] n. 'comb'
N:
Pronunced [n]: nœgj' [nø`øʏː] v. 'satisfy'
Pronunced [nː]: tann [tʰanː] n. 'tooth'
O (hard vowel):
Pronunced [ɞˑ]: kol [kʰɞˑɽ] n. 'coal'
Pronunced [ɞɵˑ]: hog [hɞɵˑɣ] n. 'mind'
Pronunced [ɞ]: monn [mɞnː] n. 'mouth'
Ó (hard vowel):
Pronunced [uː]: vón' [ʋu`uːn] v. 'hope'
Pronunced [ʊ]: ónn [ʊnː] adj. 'evil, bad'
P:
Pronunced [p]: pusu [pʰɵˑsɵ] n. 'bag'
Pronunced [pː]: sopp [sɞpː] n. 'mushroom'
Pronunced [f]: sleipt [l̥eft] adj. neut. 'slippery'
R:
Pronunced [r]: rouð [rɞɵːv] adj. 'red'
Pronunced [ɾ]: hér [heːɾ] adv. 'here'
Pronunced [ɾː]: skarrug [skʰæɾː`ɵ] adj. 'slightly sick'
Pronunced [ʂ]: mork [mɞʂk] adj. 'dark'
(Note that r often gets assimilated in consonant combinations such as rs, rt, rkj etc. Examples: fors [fɞʂː] n. 'rapids'; knort [kn̥ɞʈː] n. 'gnat'; męrkj' [mæ`æʂː] v. 'mark'. Also note that [r] and [ɾ] are allophones, i.e., a jamtlander consider them being pronunced the same so that in practice one does not have to separate them.)
S:
Pronunced [s]: síg' [si`iːɣ] v. 'sink gently down'
Pronunced [sː]: hvoss [ʋɞsː] adj. 'sharp'
(Note that s becomes assimilated in some consonant combinations, e.g., ls, rs (see S), sj etc. Examples: hals [hæˑʂ] n. 'throat, neck'; sjęlv [ʃæɽv] pron. 'self'.)
T:
Pronunced [t]: tóm [tʰuːm] adj. 'empty'
Pronunced [tː]: vott [ʋɞtː] n. 'glove'
(Note that t becomes assimilated in the consonant combination tj. Examples: tjudur [tʃʰɵˑ`ðɵɾ] n. 'capercaillie'.)
U (hard vowel):
Pronunced [ɵˑ]: tulu [tʰɵˑ`ɽɵ] v. 'endure, tolerate'
Pronunced [ɵ]: snaskug [snas`kɵ] adj. 'dirty'
Pronunced [ʊ]: um [ʊmː] prep. 'about'
(Note that in words of the type -uCu-, e.g. tulu v. 'endure', udu n. 'eddy' etc., the pronunciation [-ɵˑCɵ-] is highly normalised and represents the common 18th century pronunciation. Today, only a few dialects have this pronunciation. The actual dialects instead have [-ɞˑCə-], [-oˑCɵ-], [-ɔˑCɔ-] etc. Also note that in East Jämtland, the adjective ending -ug is [-ə].)
Ú (hard vowel):
Pronunced [ʉː]: brúðr [bɾʉːɾ] n. 'bride'
Pronunced [ɵ]: húnnreð [hɵnː´ɾə] num. 'hundred'
V:
Pronunced [ʋ] (word initial): vęðr [ʋæˑɾ] n. 'weather'
Pronunced [v]: lava [laˑ`va] v. 'live'
Pronunced [ ] (word final): tav [tʰɑˑ] prep. 'of'
(Note that v gets silent in many consonant combinations, e.g., vt, vd etc. Examples: ęvter [ɛtː`əɾ] prep. 'after'; havd [hadː] v. sup. 'had'.)
Y (soft vowel):
Pronunced [ʏˑ]: byrin [bʏˑɾʏn] adj. 'carried'
Pronunced [ʏ]: fynnen [fʏnː`ən] adj. 'found'
(Note that in words of the type -yCi-, e.g. byrin adj. 'carried', stylið v. sup. 'stolen' etc., the pronunciation [-ʏˑCʏ-] is highly normalised. Today, only a few dialects (western ones) have this pronunciation. Most of the actual dialects instead have [-øˑCɪ-], [-øˑCe-] etc.)
Ÿ (hard vowel):
Pronunced [ʏˑ]: skÿtin [skʰʏˑ`tʏn] adj. 'shot'
Pronunced [ʏ]: gÿtið [gʏtː`ʏ] v. sup. 'had to, been forced to'
(Note that in words of the type -ÿCi-, e.g. skÿtin adj. 'shot', kÿmið v. sup. 'come' etc., the pronunciation [-ʏˑCʏ-] is highly normalised. Today, only a few dialects (western ones) have this pronunciation. Most of the actual dialects instead have [-øˑCɪ-], [-øˑCe-] etc.)
Ę (soft vowel):
Pronunced [ɛˑ]: tęv [tʰɛˑv] n. 'bad smell'
Pronunced [ɛ]: bękk [bɛkː] n. 'creek'
Pronunced [æˑ]: fęrðmann [ˈfæˑɽˌmanː] n. 'traveling merchant'
Pronunced [æ]: hęlvd [hæɖː] n. 'half'
Æ (soft vowel):
Pronunced [eː]: kær [tʃʰeːɾ] adj. 'in love'
Pronunced [æ]: rædd [rædː] adj. 'afraid'
Ø (soft vowel):
Pronunced [øˑ]: køn [tʃʰøˑn] n. 'gender'
Pronunced [ø]: øks [øks] n. 'axe'
Œ (soft vowel):
Pronunced [øː]: rœðing [røː`ɪŋ] n. '[the act of] speeching' (*)
Pronunced [ø]: dœmd [dømd] adj. 'convicted'
Pronunced [øʏː] (in front of g): hœgr [høʏːɣ´(ə)ɾ] adv. 'right' (direction)
(*) The noun 'speech', rather than the act of speeching itself, would be rœðning. Note that the action of a verb with stem S is the noun Sing, while the result of the action of a verb is the noun Sning. Example: Consider the verb byggj' [bʏ`ʏdʒː] v. 'build'. The stem is bygg. The action, that is the work, of building is thus bygging [bʏdʒː`ɪŋ] while the result of building, that is a physical 'building', is byggning [bʏgː`nɪŋ].
EI (soft diphthong):
Pronunced [eɪː]: reið [reɪː] adj. 'angry'
Pronunced [e]: greitt [gɾetː] adj. neut. 'alright, okey'
OU (hard diphthong):
Pronunced [ɞɵː]: snouð [snɞɵːv] adj. 'bare'
Pronunced [ɞ]: houst [hɞst] n. 'autumn'
ØY (soft diphthong):
Pronunced [øʏː]: røykj' [rø`øʏtʃ] v. 'smoke'
Pronunced [ø]: døypt [døft] v. sup. 'baptised; dipped'
Pronunced [øː]: røyr [hɞst] n. 'pipe, tube, valve'
That´s the complete pronounciation guide!
Native:English(Newzild)
Fluent:English(Newzild)
Intermediate:None
Basic:Japanese, German
Learning:Brazilian Portuguese
Last edited Adfleekto Asashchee on 12 Apr 2006 21:03; edited 11321431 times in total